Inactivation of Avian Influenza Virus of Subtype H5N1 and H9N1 in The Vaccine Industrial Wastewater Treatment with an Advanced Oxidation Process Base on Ozone
Published at : 24 Dec 2024
Volume : IJtech
Vol 15, No 6 (2024)
DOI : https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v15i6.5814
Enjarlis, E., Wijaya, K., Karomah, E.F., Huda, S., 2022. Inactivation of Avian Influenza Virus of Subtype H5N1 and H9N1 in The Vaccine Industrial Wastewater Treatment with an Advanced Oxidation Process Base on Ozone. International Journal of Technology. Volume 15(6), pp. 1898-1910
| E. Enjarlis | Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Indonesia, Jl. Raya Puspiptek Serpong, South Tangerang, Banten, 15314 Indonesia |
| Karna Wijaya | Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Indonesia, Jl. Raya Puspiptek Serpong, South Tangerang, Banten, 15314 Indonesia |
| Eva Fathul Karomah | Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus Baru UI Depok, Depok, West Java, 16424 Indonesia |
| Shabri Huda | Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Indonesia, Jl. Raya Puspiptek Serpong, South Tangerang, Banten, 15314 Indonesia |
This study
aims to compare the effectiveness of oxidation and adsorption technology in the
inactivation of Avian Influenza (AI) virus subtypes H5N1 as well as H9N1 and
remove the content of COD, BOD, and TSS in industrial wastewater of Avian
Influenza (AI) vaccines production. The experiment variables are the number and
type of oxidizers (O3 and H2O2), the number of
adsorbents granular activated carbon (GAC), and the type of Advanced Oxidation
Process (AOP) based on O3 (O3/H2O2
and O3/GAC). The measured parameters include virus inactivation test
(CT Value) and the number of AI virus subtypes H5N1 and H9N2 as well as TSS,
COD, and BOD of wastewater from the vaccine industry. The results showed that
the AOP with O3/H2O2 at a dose of 0.00013 g O3/ml
of wastewater is the most effective technology in the inactivation of AI virus
of subtypes H5N1 and H9N1 and the decrease in the content of COD, BOD, and TSS.
Furthermore, approximately 2% of H2O2 and ozonation for
20 minutes with CT Value equal to No CT, virus quantity was 0.0 thousand
units/0.1 mL and pH 7.16, while percentage removal of TSS, COD, and BOD were
58% (86.42 mg/L), 49% (575 mg/L), 52% (304.42 mg/L. For the COD and BOD values
to meet the quality standards, it is recommended to apply the O3/H2O2
technology in series with an additional processing time of approximately 10
minutes, or as alternative processing can be continued at the Wastewater
Treatment Plant (WWTP) which is already owned by the Vaccine Industry.
Advanced Oxidation Process; Inactivation of Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1 and H9N1); Ozonation; Wastewater of vaccine industry
The COVID-19 virus epidemic had a significant impact on human life and the economy of countries around the world (Nur et al., 2022). This showed that outbreaks of other deadly viruses, such as Avian Influenza (AI) are expected to be transmitted to animals and humans. In Indonesia, the AI virus vaccine industry in West Java, in the production process, generates wastewater from live egg allantois, tank washing, and sterilization. The wastewater is processed by the disinfection method at a steam temperature of 850C for 45 minutes. However, the products obtained usually contain AI virus strains H5N1 and H9N1 activity with COD, BOD, and TSS values that exceed quality standards. AI virus is a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Orthomyxoviridae, which is deadly zoonotic and contagious to humans (Everest et al., 2021; Mostafa et al., 2018). Therefore, to prevent environmental pollution and the spread of avian influenza Virus subtypes H5N1 and H9N1 from liquid waste from the Avian Influenza virus vaccine industry, the waste must be treated with the right technology. The 2 categories of these viruses are Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI), including H9N1, which has 9 subtypes and High Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI), which includes H5N1 with 5 subtypes. Furthermore, the viruses are divided into subtypes based on 2 surface proteins, namely hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) (CDCP, 2022; Everest et al., 2021; Huang et al., 2021; Koutsakos, Kedzierska, and Subbarao, 2019). The HA is a type of glycogen and a class 1 fusion protein that has a multifunctional activity for attaching viruses to cells, while NA is an enzyme that releases viruses for complete infection (Kosik and Yewdell, 2019; Naguib et al., 2019).
The oxidation process using ozone and Advance
Oxidation Procces (AOP) base on Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) and Ozone are
more environmentally friendly, efficient and effectively in treating industrial
wastewater containing AI viruses. This method is also superior to the use of
other chemicals such as alcohol, formalin, surfactants, sodium dichloro in the
inactivation of microorganisms on the surface of solid objects. Ozone of
oxidizers are strong and unstable, have a broad spectrum of antimicrobials and are
reactive to proteins and lipids (Tizaoui,
2020; Megahed, Aldridge, and Lowe, 2018). In water, ozone is decomposed into free
radicals such as HO•, HO2•, O3•-
and O2 (Fu et al.,
2019). The
inactivation of the AI virus by this compound is influenced by dose, time,
temperature, and relative humidity (Dubuis
et al., 2021; Kong et al., 2021). Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
is also a strong oxidizer, with an oxidation potential of 1.77 Volts, which
reacts and damages the structure of microorganisms by disrupting their
metabolic stability. The same study also showed that H2O2
was an extremely effective inactivating for both RNA and DNA viruses in less
than 2 h after exposure to a 3% aqueous solution of H2O2 (Elveborg, Monteil, and Mirazimi, 2022). The advantages of
activated carbon include its high absorption capacity, with a surface area of
500 to 1500 m2, and its good absorb inorganic and organic pollutants such as
phenol and heavy metal ions in the water and wastewater (Huang et al., 2022; Desmiarti et al., 2019), as well as during
ozonation (O3/GAC) has been reported to improve oxidation
performance through acts as an initiator and increased transformation of O3
to OH radicals (Rekhate and
Srivastava, 2020).
Advanced Oxidation Process
(AOP) is higher oxidation with •OH as an oxidating potential of 2.8
volts and is non-selective, the most reactive free radical formed in vivo (Martemucci et al., 2022). The •OH
formation systems are homogeneous such as O3/H2O2
(Fan, Sokorai, and Gurtler, 2020) and heterogeneous, namely O3/GAC (Chen et al., 2021; Wang et al.,
2020). In O3/H2O2
systems, •OH and oxidants (O2•- and O2)
are produced through a reaction between H2O2 and water to
generate HO2-, which further reacts with O3 (Kim et al., 2021). Meanwhile, the mechanism
of O3/GAC in wastewater treatment is such that organic
micropollutants whose low reactivity to ozone can be removed by either (i)•OH,
especially micro-hydrophilic pollutants and/or (ii) adsorption on the surface
of activated carbon for hydrophobic micropollutants (Lisovskayaa et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2018; Vega and Valdes, 2018). Ozone has a low solubility
at room temperature, and the solubility of ozone can be increased by using an
aerator pump so that it can reduce the size of the ozone bubble by up to 90%
and increase the effective ozone solubility to 0.47 ppm (Verinda et al., 2022).
Inactivation of AI Viruses
subtypes H5N1 and H9N1 has been carried out in drinking water treatment (Lenes et al., 2010). However, research on AI
virus inactivation in wastewater containing COD, TSS, and BOD exceeding the
standard has not been carried out using oxidation processes (O3 and
H2O2) and Advanced oxidation (O3/H2O2
and O3/GAC). The purpose of this study was to compare the processes
of oxidation (O3 and H2O2), adsorption (GAC),
and Advanced oxidation of the vaccine Industrial wastewater treatment: inactivation
of AI Viruses subtypes H5N1 and H9N1 and their impact on decreasing COD, BOD,
and TSS values.
2.1. Equipment and Materials
Oxidation reactor from glass
material size ID 4.0 cm and H 60 cm, equipped with incoming and outgoing ozone
gas ports, Plate Magnetic Stirrer 500 – 1500 rpm (Thermo Scientific, USA),
Biosafety Cabinet model BSC-1500IIB2-X (MEDFUTURE, China), Analytical Balance
Sheet model ABJ320-4NM, max 220 grams (KERN, Germany), Realtime PCR
Quantstudio5 (Thermo Scientific, USA),
Ozone Generator with capacity 3 grams O3/h (Quanju, China), Egg
Candler 2,000 mAh (Magicfly, China), Egg Incubator model T-JZ1056 (Tengao,
China), Laminar Air Flow (LAF) for PCR model 321 PCR Workstation (Captair Bio,
Malaysia), and pH Meter work on ATC (Mettler Toledo, Indonesia, Sulfuric acid
(Merck, Indonesia), Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) (Sindopex
Perotama Indonesia), GAC (Granular Activated Carbon) (Bumi Agung Chemistry,
Indonesia), Viral Nucleic Acid Extraction Kit (Geneaid, Taiwan), Quantitect, RT-PCR
Kit (Qiagen, USA), Primer & Probe (Macrogen, Korea Selatan), Egg Specific
Pathogen Free (SPF) (SPF Egg Plant,
Indonesia), Iodine (I2)
(Merck, Indonesia), Potassium Iodide (KI) (Merck, Indonesia), Sulfuric
Acid (H2SO4) (Meck, Indonesia), Sodium Thiosulfate
(Merck, Indonesia) and Kanji Solution (C6H10O5)n (Merck, Indonesia).
2.2. Preparation and
Characteristics of Liquid Waste of AI Virus Vaccine Industry
Liquid waste of H5N1 and
H9N1 virus vaccine industry from PT. Vaksindo Satwa Nusantara (Ungas vaccine
industry) Gunung Putri, Bogor Regency. The collecting tank at the sampling
point was used to collect 500 mL in a tightly closed glass bottle and stored at
4oC. The characteristics of liquid waste from the vaccine industry
before treatment are stated in Table 1.
2.2. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of AI
Viruses in liquid waste (OIE,
2014)
2.3.1. Inoculation of Wastewater Samples on
Eggs
A total of 0.1 mL of wastewater was inoculated onto 11-day-old SPF
(Specific Pathogen Free) eggs, which were then incubated at a temperature of
37°C during 5 days. The eggs were observed (candled) using an egg candler tool
to determine the growth of embryos at dead or live eggs. RNA extraction was
performed after incubation.
2.3.2. Ribonucleic
Acid (RNA) Extraction
Allantois sample was obtained from inoculation on eggs, and RNA
(Ribonucleic Acid) was extracted using a Viral Nucleic Acid Extraction Kit from
Genaid with the appropriate procedure on the www.Geneaid.com website.
2.3.3. Mixing
RNA (RT-PCR)
RT-PCR (Quantstudio5) was used to detect AI viruses of subtypes H5N1 and
H9N1 qualitatively and quantitatively. The RNA in samples was amplified with
Quantitect Probe RT-PCR Kit reagents with procedures according to using
specific primers (www.macrogen.com) for each strain of the virus. Meanwhile, the cut-offs for each of the
H5N1 and H9N1 methods are presented in Table 2. CT is a measure of disinfectant
concentration (C) multiplied by the time (T) required to achieve a given
inactivation level of a microorganism.
2.3.4. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological
Oxygen Demand (BOD), dan TSS Analysis
Measurement of COD, BOD and TSS of wastewater Industry vaccine AI virus
subtype AIH5 dan AIH9 before and after treatment from the Indonesian National
Standard (SNI) (BSN, 2019), for COD
with SNI6989.2: 2019, BOD with SNI 06-6989.14-2004 and TSS with SNI 06-6989.3-
2004.
2.4. Wastewater Treatment of Vaccine Industry and
AI Virus Inactivation
Figure
1 Process flow diagram Wastewater
Treatment of Vaccine Industry and AI Virus Inactivation with Ozonation and AOP
base on Ozone (O3/H2O2 and O3/GAC)
3.1. Inactivate of AI Virus in
wastewater of vaccine Industry with H2O2.
Table 3 shows the inactivation data of H5N1 and H9N1 viruses by H2O2 at 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0%. The optimum inactivation was obtained at H2O2 of 6% with each No CT and quantity value of approximately 0.0 units/0.1 mL, and the egg is still alive. This indicates that the virus is inactive (dead) and is incapable of damaging the egg. At a concentration of 4%, the egg was still alive, showing that the virus was inactive, where the H5N1 and H9N1 quantity values had approximately 0.0 Units/0.1 mL and 17.60 units/0.1 mL with No CT and a value of 35.51, respectively the eggs also die in H2O2 of 2% which indicated that the virus is still active and can infect eggs in both subtypes, with quantity values of 4,261.81 units/0.1 mL and 10,404.53 units/0.1mL with CT values of 35.31 and 27.41, respectively. Previous reports stated that the effectiveness of H2O2 in the inactivation of the AI virus occurs at concentrations of H2O2 > 5 % micro aerosol (Neighbor et al., 1994), and the inactivated virus by H2O2 still has the ability to induce an immune response in the same level as live viruses (Dembinski et al., 2014). When compared to the maximum removal of Paracetamol in Pharmacy wastewater, it reaches 80% with the use of O3: H2O2 (1: 0.25 or 25% H2O2). Therefore, to minimize costs, the use of H2O2 needs to be combined with ozone gas. Ozone is a selective oxidant, but the addition of H2O2 is generated in situ.
Table 3 Data of AI Virus of subtypes H5NI and H9N1 in wastewater of vaccine industry before and after inactivation with H2O2
Hydrogen peroxide is a strong, broad-spectrum inactivating agent that
can decompose into water, oxygen, and highly reactive hydroxyl free radicals
(•OH). These radicals can cleave or crosslink a wide range of biomolecules,
including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids (Lisovskaya
et al., 2021). The H2O2
reaction in AI virus inactivation in the wastewater of the vaccine industry is
as follows: H2O2 acts as an oxidant by producing hydroxyl free radicals (•OH),
which attack the essential cell components, including lipids, proteins, and DNA
as well as RNA (Ofoedu et al., 2021; Elveborg, Monteil, and Mirazimi, 2022).
3.1. Inactivate of AI Virus in
wastewater of vaccine Industry with H2O2.
Table 3 shows the inactivation data of
H5N1 and H9N1 viruses by H2O2 at 2.0, 4.0, and
6.0%. The optimum inactivation was obtained at H2O2 of 6% with each No CT
and quantity
value of
approximately 0.0 units/0.1 mL, and the egg is still alive. This indicates that
the virus is inactive (dead) and is incapable of damaging the egg.
3.2. Inactivation of AI Virus in
the wastewater of Vaccine Industry with O3
The inactivation of AI viruses of
subtypes H5N1 and H9N1 by ozone in the wastewater of the vaccine Industry in
Table 4 shows a very significant effect. At 50 minutes of ozonation (0.0325 mg
O3/mL) for H5N1 viruses, the decrease in CT and the quantity of
viruses reaches 100%, namely No CT and a quantity of 0.0 units/mL or complete
inactivation. This is very important to restrict any possibility of DNA/RNA
mutations (Hossain,
2022). Meanwhile, AIH9 has a CT value of approximately
34.27, a virus quantity of 407.4 units/mL, and more glycogen than H5N1. Since
the viruses are in organic wastewater, H9N1 inactivation needs greater ozone (Kong et al., 2021).
AI virus is a single-stranded RNA virus that
can be decomposed by ozone (Martemucci et al., 2022; Blanco et al., 2021; Mostafa et al., 2018; Megahed, Aldridge, and Lowe, 2018) and radical OH from ozone decomposition.
3.3. Inactivation of AI Virus in
wastewater of Vaccine Industry with GAC
The inactivation of AI viruses of
subtypes H5N1 and H9N1 by GAC in Table 5 seems less effective, where at 10%
GAC, a quantity of 1,577.9 units/0.1 mL and 6,618.28 units/0.1 mL was detected
in the liquid waste. This indicated that it takes a GAC > 10% to achieve a
CT value and quantity of viruses of approximately 0. The removal of viruses
with GAC through the adsorption process depends on the dose of activated carbon
or adsorption capacity, the contact time between activated carbon and
adsorbate/virus (Zhang
et al., 2021; Dotto and McKay, 2020; Wang et al., 2020;
Matsushita et al., 2013).
3.4. Inactivate of AI Virus in
wastewater of vaccine Industry with O3/H2O2
and O3/GAC
Figure 2 The
quantity of AI viruses of the subtypes H5N1 and H9N1 in wastewater of the
vaccine industry after inactivation with O3/H2O2
and O3/GAC
Figure 3 Mechanism of AI Virus Degradation and Inactivation
with O3/GAC in wastewater of Industry of vaccine
3.5. Effect of O3/H2O2
and O3/GAC on the removal of COD, BOD, and TSS in liquid waste from
the vaccine industry
Figure 4 The effect inactivation of AI Virus of Subtype H5N1 and H9N1 with O3/H2O2 and O3/GAC on Removal TSS, COD and BOD in wastewater of Vaccines industrial of AI viruses
In O3/H2O2,
ozone decomposition in OH radicals becomes faster with the presence of H2O2
(Cuerda-Correa et
al., 2019; Wang et al., 2018), and it's a significant impact on the removal
of TSS, COD, and BOD
However,
COD and BOD still did not meet the quality standards of 300 mg/L and BOD 100
mg/L, respectively. The use of O3/GAC for the inactivation of viruses H5N1 and
H9N1 was less effective, as the percent removal of TSS, COD, and BOD was only
14.77% and 18.79%, 27.60%, and 26.32%, and 27.44% and 33.01%, respectively. Compared
to the Tofu Industrial wastewater, the COD reduction reached 46.26% and TSS
12.38% through a combination of ozonation (155 mg O3/hour) and GAC
(50 gr) (Karamah, Adripratiwi, and Anindita, 2018). Visual observations
also show that the results of wastewater treatment of the AI virus with O3/H2O2
are clearer than the use of O3/GAC, H2O2, and
GAC alone.
Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) based on Ozone and
Hydrogen Peroxide (O3/H2O2) is proven to be
effective and economical in inactivating AI viruses (H5N1 and H9N1) in AI
vaccine industry wastewater. The use of ozone as much as 0.00013 g O3/ml
for 20 minutes and as much as 2% H2O2 can cause the AI virus to die with a CT of 0.0 unit/0.1 mL. Researchers suggest that
stakeholders from the Ministry of Environment have a policy so that liquid and
solid waste from the vaccine industry is treated using O3/H2O2
technology at least at the final processing stage before being discharged into
the environment. In addition, the use of AOP technology (O3/H2O2)
in vaccine wastewater treatment can simultaneously reduce TSS, COD, and BOD
values; 58% (86.42 mg/L), 49% (575 mg/L) and 52 % (304.42 mg/L). If the COD and
BOD values ??of vaccine industrial wastewater are large enough, then in
processing the amount of ozone can be increased by extending the processing
time or as alternative processing can be continued at the Wastewater Treatment
Plant (WWTP) which is already owned by the Vaccine Industry, so that the impact
on humans can be prevented, considering that the AI virus shows symptoms of
resistance to all types of drugs on the market. Whereas in drinking water
treatment, it is recommended that at the disinfection process stage it is
enough to use O3/GAC or Ozonation only if a pandemic situation
occurs. There are two problems encountered in this study, namely optimizing the
contact of ozone gas, H2O2 with the sample, so that the
removal of COD and BOD is maximized. In addition, researchers must ensure that
they have received the vaccine because the AI virus is zoonotic. The future
research, it is hoped that the AOP method will be tested against other virus
variants found in the wastewater, for example hospital wastewater.
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