• International Journal of Technology (IJTech)
  • Vol 11, No 2 (2020)

An Ultrasound Assisted Transesterification to Optimize Biodiesel Production from Rice Bran Oil

An Ultrasound Assisted Transesterification to Optimize Biodiesel Production from Rice Bran Oil

Title: An Ultrasound Assisted Transesterification to Optimize Biodiesel Production from Rice Bran Oil
Husin Ibrahim, Arridina Susan Silitonga, Rahmawaty , Surya Dharma, Abdi Hanra Sebayang, Khairil , Sumartono , Joko Sutrisno, Abdul Razak

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Published at : 21 Apr 2020
Volume : IJtech Vol 11, No 2 (2020)
DOI : https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v11i2.905

Cite this article as:
Ibrahim, H., Silitonga, A.S., Rahmawaty, Dharma, S., Sebayang, A.H., Khairil., Sumartono, Sutrisno, J., Razak, A., 2020. An Ultrasound Assisted Transesterification to Optimize Biodiesel Production from Rice Bran Oil. International Journal of Technology. Volume 11(2), pp. 225-234

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Husin Ibrahim Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Medan, 20155, Medan, Indonesia.
Arridina Susan Silitonga - Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Medan, 20155, Medan, Indonesia.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
Rahmawaty Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Medan, 20155, Medan, Indonesia.
Surya Dharma Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, 23111 Banda Aceh, Indonesia
Abdi Hanra Sebayang Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Medan, 20155, Medan, Indonesia.
Khairil Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, 23111 Banda Aceh, Indonesia
Sumartono Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Medan, 20155, Medan, Indonesia.
Joko Sutrisno Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Medan, 20155, Medan, Indonesia.
Abdul Razak Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Medan, 20155, Medan, Indonesia
Email to Corresponding Author

Abstract
An Ultrasound Assisted Transesterification to Optimize Biodiesel Production from Rice Bran Oil

The ultrasound method is used to improve mass transfer between incompressible reactants which increases their chemical reaction and reduces reaction time as well as energy consumption. In this research, transesterification process variables of rice bran oil were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Three process parameters were investigated, namely methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, and time. The optimum conditions of the transesterification process based on RSM were: (1) methanol to oil molar ratio: 1:6; (2) catalyst concentration: 0.5% wt.; and (3) time: 48 min, with methyl ester yield of 94.12 %. The optimum rice bran methyl ester yield predicted by RSM was validated by replicating three independent parameters with showed average rice bran methyl ester yield of 93.98%. The properties of the rice bran biodiesel properties were measured and the values met the requirements of the ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards.

Biodiesel; Response surface methodology; Rice bran; Ultrasound

Introduction

Rapid depletion of fossil fuels coupled with increasing awareness of environmental issues, concerns over rising greenhouse gas emissions and escalating petroleum prices have prompted scientists and researchers to explore renewable and environmental friendly alternative energy sources (Salaheldeen et al., 2015; Said et al., 2018). Biodiesel is a type of renewable fuel, biodegradable, non-toxic and a potential alternative for fossil fuel (Tse et al., 2015; Leong, et., 2016). Rice (Oryza sativa Linn) bran is a thin layer between the rice and its husk which is removed to polish the rice. It consists of pericarp, tegmen (endosperm covering layer), aleurone and sub -aleurone. (Ju and Vali, 2005) and makes up 8% of the harvested rice. The oil content of rice bran is about 16-32% based on its weight (Anwar et al., 2005).  The oil composition of jatropha and rubber seed are higher accounting for 55% and 45% of their respective total weight (Ramadhas et al., 2005).

        Ultrasound is an energy that absorbs mass and heat transfer which is an alternative reaction system that can increase the synthesis of biodiesel process (Maghami et al., 2015). In recent years, researches have applied ultrasound probes, ultrasound baths or horns sonochemical reactors in biodiesel synthesis (Koutsouki et al., 2016). Compared with the conventional method, the ultrasound-assisted methods have the advantages of shorter reaction time, less catalyst time, higher methyl ester yields, and less energy in biodiesel production. (Prakash Maran and Priya, 2015). Response surface methodology (RSM) is an effective statistical technique used to establish the relationship between a set of experimental parameters and results. The RSM defines the effect of the independent variables, and also generates mathematical models. Therefore, many researchers have studied biodiesel production using RSM in order to produce high methyl ester and improve the quality of biodiesel (Dharma et al., 2016; Sebayang et al., 2017; Milano et al., 2018).

The present study is aimed at optimising the transesterification of rice bran oil using an ultrasound technique. The properties of the rice bran methyl ester were investigated using EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 standards. Results showed producing biodiesel using ultrasound can save cost, time and energy.

Conclusion

In this study, ultrasound-assisted biodiesel production from crude rice bran oil was evaluated through RSM modelling. The optimisation process was conducted based on three main parameters: methanol to oil ratio, reaction time and catalyse concentration. The optimal parameters are methanol to oil ratio 6:1, reaction time: 48 min and catalyst used: 0.51 wt.%. The methyl ester yield predicted under these process conditions is 94.12%. The limitation of this experiment was the capacity the equipment. Therefore, using a more powerful ultrasound can be explored in future studies to find out if that increases yields. Results showed the RSM model is reliable in predicting the values of dependent variables on the conversion of rice bran methyl ester using ultrasound.

Acknowledgement

    The authors express their gratitude to Direktorat Jenderal Penguatan Riset dan Pengembangan Kementerian Riset dan Teknologi, Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional Republik Indonesia (Grant No. 032/SP2H/LT/DRPM, No. 147/SP2H/LT/DRPM/2019) and Politeknik Negeri Medan, Medan, Indonesia. 

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