Phytosynthesized-Silver Nanoparticles for Functionalization of Cotton Fabric: A Systematic Literature Review
Corresponding email: indriana@ugm.ac.id
Published at : 17 May 2024
Volume : IJtech
Vol 15, No 3 (2024)
DOI : https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v15i3.6548
Alauhdin, M., Adnan, R., Hatmanto, A.D., Kartini, I., 2024. Phytosynthesized-Silver Nanoparticles for Functionalization of Cotton Fabric: A Systematic Literature Review. International Journal of Technology. Volume 15(3), pp. 753-769
| Muhammad Alauhdin | Department of Chemistry, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kampus Sekaran Gunungpati, Semarang 50229, Indonesia |
| Rohana Adnan | School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Pulau Pinang, Malaysia |
| Adhi Dwi Hatmanto | 1. Department of Chemistry, FMIPA, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia, 2. Indonesia Natural Dye Institute, Pusat Unggulan IPTEK-Perguruan Tinggi, Universitas Gadjah Mada |
| Indriana Kartini | 1. Department of Chemistry, FMIPA, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia, 2. Indonesia Natural Dye Institute, Pusat Unggulan IPTEK-Perguruan Tinggi, Universitas Gadjah Mada |
Coating
cotton fabrics with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) will produce a multifunctional
fabric. Additional functions such as antibacterial, antifungal, UV protector,
sensor, and wound dressing can be improved by adding AgNPs to the cotton
fabric. The functionalization can be performed by various techniques, such as
pad-drying, dip-drying, or sonochemical, where the AgNPs were produced by
phytosynthesis or utilizing plant extracts as a reducing agent, and this has
been reported by many researchers in the past. This review
systematically extracts and critically discusses the available published
information on the functionalization of cotton fabrics with
phytosynthesized-AgNPs from the Scopus database. Future challenges in
fabricating multifunctional cotton with AgNPs were also discussed, including
obtaining stable and permanent AgNPs immobilization on cotton fabric and
developing additional or new functions.
AgNPs; Bibliometric analysis; Functionalization of cotton; Phytosynthesis; VOSviewer
Textile materials, in some cases, are
produced with additional functionalities to meet the end-use requirement apart
from their basic purpose, which has attracted many researchers. These materials
are termed multifunctional textiles or advanced textiles. Some examples of
these functionalities include electrical properties, UV protection, water and
oil repellent, and antibacterial activity. These functional textiles have
various applications such as for personal protection, medical, hygiene, sport
and leisure, and military. Nanotechnology has become one of the fields studied
in textile functionalization (Elmaaty et al.,
2022; Reningtyas et al., 2022).
Silver
nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been widely explored because of their exceptional
properties, such as optical and antimicrobial activity (Singh
et al., 2023; Yin et al., 2020;
Duval, Gouyau, and Lamouroux, 2019). Consequently, various textiles like cotton, polyester, polyamide,
wool, and silk have been investigated for the production of textiles treated
with AgNPs. These nanoparticles can be synthesized using different methods,
such as microwave-assisted, chemical vapor deposition, chemical reduction,
sonochemistry, and
In the chemical reduction process, a
reducing agent such as borohydride, trisodium citrate, hydrazine, and ascorbic
acid reduces Ag+ from precursor materials such as silver nitrate,
silver acetate, and silver citrate to Ag0 (Avissa
and Alauhdin, 2022; Sadalage et al.,
2020; Mavani and Shah, 2013).
This synthesis method is termed
biosynthesis, green synthesis, or phytosynthesis. Such a method offers
considerable benefits in terms of environmental friendliness through biomass
valorization, limiting the use of harmful chemical reagents, hence reducing the
costs and toxicity (Lite et al., 2022).
The incorporation
of nanoparticles into cotton fabrics is a way to apply nanotechnology in the
functionalization of textiles. Several ways have been developed to incorporate
AgNPs into cotton, such as immersion or dip-coating, pad-dry-cure, sonication,
printing, etc (Zayed et al., 2022; Arshad et
al., 2022; Hassabo et al., 2020; Verma et al., 2021; Elmaaty et
al., 2018; Anbazhagan et al., 2017; Velmurugan et al., 2014). The growing interest in green technology concepts in various utilities
fuels the development of environmentally beneficial materials. Consequently,
there is a growing interest among researchers in the utilization of
natural-based materials, particularly in the development of functional
textiles. The functionalization of cotton with biosynthesized AgNPs emerges as
an eco-friendly alternative in the pursuit of sustainable, functional textiles.
Based on searches
from the Scopus database using related keywords, there are only a few review
articles on the functionalization of cotton fabrics with silver nanoparticles
in the 2013-2022 period. One of the articles discusses the application of AgNPs
for fabric functionalization, not specifically for cotton fabrics (Syafiuddin, 2019). Meanwhile, another article
discusses the functionalization of cotton fabrics using nanotechnology,
including the use of Ag, TiO2, SiO2, ZnO, Cu or CuO, and
Au nanoparticles (Elmaaty et al., 2022).
The nanoparticles were synthesized using various methods, including chemical,
physical, and biological methods. There are also reviews on the influence of
several types of nanoparticles, including AgNPs, on the physical properties of
modified cotton fabrics for conductive textiles (Alamer
and Beyari, 2022) and for medical applications (Ahmed,
Ogulata, and Bozok, 2022). Meanwhile, this systematic review
attempts to discuss more comprehensively the functionalization of cotton fabric
with silver nanoparticles using plant extracts as bio-reductors.
2.1. Literature
Search
This
systematic review referred to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic
Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework. The literature search was
conducted using the Scopus database for the last 10 years (2013-2022). A
combination of keywords, [textile OR fabrics AND cotton AND “silver
nanoparticles”], was used in the search command to find the relevant
literature. The search is based on the occurrence of the keyword combination in
the title, abstract, and keyword of articles. Only original research papers
written in English were included. Only original research papers written in
English were considered, excluding books, book chapters, conference
proceedings, and theses. Following these criteria, 424 papers were retrieved
from the Scopus database.
2.2. Selection of Papers
The
results of the literature search were further refined by reading through the
abstracts to check whether the study applied bioreductors for preparing AgNPs.
Further screening was conducted to include only papers that applied plant
extract as a bioreductor for the synthesis. The screening resulted in the
exclusion of 349 papers, which means 75 papers remained to be analyzed.
Afterward, any relevant studies were evaluated from the reference lists of the
75 papers, which resulted in six additional texts. Thus, the final selection
comprised 81 papers to be reviewed.
2.3. Bibliometric keyword analysis
A
bibliometric study is intended to understand the relationships between journal
citations and to summarize the current state of a given or emerging research
area (Donthu et al., 2021). The
bibliometric mapping software program VOSviewer was used to analyze and
visualize the keywords co-occurrence of the studied papers (n = 424). VOSviewer
was created by Van-Eck and Waltman (2010) and
has been utilized effectively in numerous studies (Indriati
and Nandiyanto, 2023; Su et al., 2021; Kamdem et al., 2019).
The
analysis employed “full counting” as the technique of counting, and the next
steps included a selection of the “all keywords” option and lowering the
threshold for keyword occurrence to 10, where 146 out of 3565 total keywords
found were included. The resulting keyword selection was then subjected to
further manual adjustments, including the elimination of redundant terms like
"textile" and "textiles," as well as outlier and generic
keywords unrelated to the research on the functionalization of cotton with
AgNPs. Examples of the excluded keywords
include “article,” “controlled study,” “nonhuman,” “priority journal,” and
“color.”
3.1. Number
and categorization of research articles
Figure 1 Trend in the number of research
publications on the topic of functionalization of cotton fabric with AgNPs from
2013-2022 in the Scopus database
This
review also includes six more publications in an effort to incorporate any
papers that might have been overlooked throughout the literature search which
are El Guerraf et al. (2023), Afroj et al. (2020), Hong et al. (2016), Yun et al. (2013), Zeng et
al. (2013) and Prabhu and Poulose (2012) by
going through the reference list of related articles and from the studies
within the emerging additional textile functions topic.
3.2. Bibliometric analysis
Figure 2 Keywords co-occurrence network of screened research articles from the
Scopus database showing three clusters: red, green, and blue clusters.
Overlay visualization (Figure 3) shows keyword-related trends across
the study period (2013-2022). The study period is indicated by the colors of
the keyword nodes, from blue (old period) to yellow (new period). According to
the analysis, research areas related to the green synthesis of AgNPs-coated
cotton are still interesting to study at this time. This is in line with the
increasing awareness of green chemistry and green technology. Applications of
AgNPs-coated cotton as conductive fabrics and their combination with other
materials, such as graphene, have also started to appear recently, as indicated
by the yellow nodes in Figure 3.
3.3. Phytosynthesis and loading of AgNPs
Figure 3 Overlay visualization of keyword
co-occurrence of screened research articles from the Scopus database
Various types of plant extracts have been
used to synthesize AgNPs, where the plant extracts act as a reductant to
convert Ag+ to Ag0. The plant extracts also function as a
stabilizer (El-Zawahry et al., 2022; Rather et al., 2022) or colorant (El-Zawahry et al., 2022; Jiang et al.,
2022; Rehan et al., 2022; Sadeghi-Kiakhani
et al., 2022a; Yu et al.,
2020). Table 1 summarizes the phytosynthesized-AgNPs that have been
utilized to impart multifunctional properties to cotton fabric.
Several studies discussed the role of
compounds in plant extracts in the process of reducing Ag+ to Ag0.
Generally, various authors have reported that phenolic compounds play an
important role in the reduction process (El-Zawahry
et al., 2022; Shahid-ul-Islam et al., 2020). As the
reducing agent, the phenol content in the extract was consumed during
phytosynthesis. For example, Lite
et al. (2022) observed a 5% reduction in the phenolic content of
Primula officinalis extract after the phytosynthesis of AgNPs. In addition, the
consumption of the phenolic compounds during the formation of AgNPs was also
observed when Hibiscus flower extract
was used simultaneously as a dye and reductant in an in-situ synthesis of AgNPs (Rehan et
al., 2022). The antioxidant activity of the extract of Hibiscus flowers was mainly produced by
phenolic, flavonoid, and volatile compounds. Since phenolic compounds serve as
reductants in the synthesis of AgNPs, their quantity decreases, consequently
reducing the overall antioxidant activity.
The proposed mechanism of the
phytosynthesis of AgNPs is described below in Figure 4 (El-Zawahry
et al., 2022; Rehan et al., 2022; Shahid-ul-Islam et al.,
2020; Rehan et al., 2017) in which:
•
The Ag+ ions form an intermediary complex with the nearby
hydroxyl (-OH) groups of the phenolic compounds.
•
The hydroxyl groups are subsequently used to donate electrons to the
Ag+ ions, reducing them to AgNPs and changing phenolic compounds
into their quinone form.
Figure 4 The proposed mechanism of biosynthesis
of AgNPs (Ag0)
Figure 5 The hydroxyl
groups of the cellulose bind the formed AgNPs on the cotton surface
The successful incorporation of AgNPs
into cotton fibers can be verified using electron microscopic techniques. For
example, the in-situ insertion of AgNPs within the fiber was verified by
cross-sectional imaging of the cotton fibers with a FIB-FESEM. The particles
have a Gaussian distribution with an average diameter of 28.2 ± 8.0 nm.
Meanwhile, the SAED measurement reveals the typical lattice spacing for
metallic Ag, (1 1 1), (2 0 0), (2 2 0), and (3 1 1) planes of the face-centered
cubic (fcc) structure of elemental Ag (Nam et
al., 2022).
3.4. Application of AgNPs-loaded cotton
Table 1 Summary of the functionalization of cotton fabrics with phytosynthesized-AgNPs, extracted from the Scopus database during 2013-2020
|
Plant |
AgNPs properties |
Deposition method |
Function |
Reference |
|
Hibiscus flowers |
Size: 90±11 nm (SEM) |
in situ synthesis |
AM, AO, UVP |
(Rehan et al., 2022) |
|
Cineraria maritima |
Size: 21.57 - 39.16 nm |
dip dry method |
AB |
(Duraisamy et al., 2022) |
|
Alternanthera sessilis leaf |
Spherical structures with a size range of 15–40 nm (HRTEM) |
dip dry method |
AB |
(Kabeerdass et al., 2022) |
|
Cuphea carthagenensis |
Spherical shape with a particle size of 10.65±0.1 nm |
dip dry and in situ synthesis |
AB |
(Rather et al., 2022) |
|
Azadirachta indica leaf |
Zeta potential: ?60.9 mV |
in situ synthesis |
AB, UVP |
(Jain et al., 2022) |
|
Psidium guajava leave |
Size range: 5-120 nm (depend on pH) |
pad-dry technique |
AB, AO, UVP |
(Zayed et al., 2022b) |
|
Andrographis paniculate |
Size: 19-279 nm (means: 75.8 nm by DLS) |
in situ impregnation |
AB |
(Kannan et al., 2022) |
|
Aloe vera |
fcc structure. particle size: 60 nm |
pad-dry-cure |
AB |
(Liu et al., 2022) |
|
Lepidium meyenii polyphenol extract |
Spherical shape, particle size: 49.19±0.82 nm |
pad-dry process |
sensor |
(Karaku? et al., 2022) |
|
Gardeniae fructus seeds |
Spherical shape with nanometer size. |
in situ synthesis |
AB, UVP, C |
(Jiang et al., 2022) |
|
Citrus Sinensis peel (orange peel) |
Size: 7-220 nm depend on pH |
pad-dry technique |
MR, AB |
(Zayed et al., 2022a) |
|
Malva sylvestris |
Size: 50-80 nm |
in situ synthesis |
AB |
(Sadeghi-Kiakhani et al., 2022b) |
|
Sweet Orange Peel extract |
Spherical-shaped |
dip dry |
AB, UVP |
(Roy et al., 2022) |
|
Azadirachta indica leaf |
Size: 10-100 nm |
in situ synthesis |
AB, AF |
(Pawar et al., 2022) |
|
Aloe vera |
Spherical shape, size: 30–80 nm |
Immersion |
AB, AF |
(Arshad et al., 2022) |
|
Bark extract of Acacia nilotica
|
Size: 125 nm |
Dispersion |
AM |
(Abd El-Baset et al., 2021) |
|
European larch (Larix decidua) |
EDS peak 2.96 keV |
in situ synthesis |
C |
(Hasan et al., 2021) |
|
Biper nigrum seed extract |
spherical shapes, size: 15 - 38 nm |
dip-coating technique |
AB |
(Kanniah et al., 2021) |
|
Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum) extract |
Size: 23 ± 3 nm. zeta potential: ?23.3 mV (alkaline) and ?10.3 mV (neutral) |
pad-dry-cure method |
AM, UVP |
(Mia et al., 2021) |
|
Aloe vera |
Spherical. Size: 5-20 nm |
dip-coating |
AB |
(Verma et al., 2021) |
|
Scutellaria barbata extract |
Spherical shape. Size: 20 to 40 nm |
Soaking and sonication |
AB |
(Veeraraghavan et al., 2021) |
|
Honeysucklee extract |
Size average 10.59 nm (TEM) and 35.76 nm (DLS), zeta pot -42.9 mV |
dip and dry |
AB |
(Zhu et al., 2021) |
|
Azadirachta indica |
Cubical structure. average size: 25?nm |
pad dry cure technique |
AM, UVP |
(Anwar et al., 2021) |
|
Black rice (Oryza sativa
L.) |
SPR band: 410 nm |
in situ synthesis |
AM |
(Yu et al., 2021) |
|
Plant |
AgNPs properties |
Deposition method |
Function |
Reference |
|
Cassia alata |
spherical shape in the size range of 20?- 119?nm |
in situ synthesis |
AB |
(Sivaranjana et al., 2021) |
|
Beta vulgaris (beetroot) |
size: 50.0 ?± ?12.4 ?nm, zeta pot. -30 mV |
impregnation |
AB, AF |
(dos Santos et al., 2021) |
|
Senna auriculata |
spherical in shape with a mean size of 100?nm |
in situ synthesis |
AB |
(Akepogu et al., 2021) |
|
Moringa oleifera |
Spherical shape, size: 20 nm (TEM) |
pad-dry-cure |
AM, UVP |
(Hassabo et al., 2020) |
|
Curcuma longa L. |
spherical shape, size: 15-40 nm |
in situ ultra-sonication |
AM, WH |
(Maghimaa and Alharbi, 2020) |
|
Black rice (Oryza sativa
L.) extract |
size 60-90 nm (depend on pH) |
in situ synthesis |
AB |
(Yu et al., 2020) |
|
Aegle marmelos fruit pulp extract |
Mostly spherical with sizes ranging from 10 to 75 nm |
in situ synthesis |
AB |
(Velmurugan et al., 2020) |
|
Pomegranate peel extract |
Spherical shape. Size around 20 nm (TEM) |
in situ synthesis |
AO, AM |
(Shahid-ul-Islam et al., 2019) |
|
Pterocarpus santalinus (Red sanders) |
spherical shape with a size range of 71–90?nm |
In situ synthesis |
AB |
(Rao et al., 2018) |
|
Padina gymnospora (brown seaweed) |
spherical shape with a size range of 2-20 nm |
Pad-dry-cure |
AM, UVP |
(Rajaboopathi and Thambidurai, 2018) |
|
Allium cepa L. |
size: 36 - 98 nm (DLS), Zeta potential -12 ± 1.5 mV to -26
± 1.2 mV |
in situ synthesis |
AM |
(Sharma et al., 2018) |
|
Pluchea dioscoridis |
size: 15–25 nm (TEM) |
printing |
AM, UVP, AM |
(Elmaaty et al., 2018) |
|
Cunninghamella echinulata |
Average size of 20–50 nm (TEM) |
immersion - shaking |
AB |
(Anbazhagan et al., 2017) |
|
P. pterocar-pum flowers |
86 nm in size with a face-centered cubic crystalline |
Dipping-ultrasonication |
AB |
(Balamurugan et al., 2017) |
|
Terminalia catappa, T. bellarica, T. mellurie |
Mostly spherical with diameters in the range of 10 - 14 nm |
Pad-dry technique |
AI, AB |
(El-Rafie et al., 2017) |
|
Liquidambar orientalis Mill |
size: 50-150 nm (TEM) |
in situ synthesis |
AM |
(Bilgili et al., 2016) |
|
Moringa oleifera |
size: 5-10 nm |
Pad-dry technique |
AB |
(Hashem et al., 2016) |
|
Clerodendron infortunatum |
average size: 18 nm with a spherical shape |
Dry-pad-cure |
AB |
(Jha and Prasad, 2016) |
|
Cassia roxburghii DC |
spherical shape (10 - 30 nm) |
Impregnation |
AB |
(Balashanmugam and Kalaichelvan, 2015) |
|
Erigeron annuus (L.) |
spherical and hexagonal structures. size:
10–20 nm (spherical) |
Sonication |
AB |
(Velmurugan et al., 2014) |
|
Ocimum sanctum Linn |
SPR: 421 nm, size: about 150 nm (SEM) |
Pad-dry-cure method |
AM |
(Rifaya and Meyyappan, 2014) |
|
Amaranthus dubius |
SPR: 425 nm, size: 179 nm (PSA), zeta potential: -25 mV |
Dipping-sonication method |
AB |
(Firdhouse and Lalitha, 2013) |
AM = antimicrobial, AO = antioxidant, AF = antifungal,
AB = antibacterial, UVP = UV protection, WH = wound healing, AI = anti-inflammatory,
MR = mosquito repellent, C = colorant, SPR = surface plasmon resonance, PSA = particle
size analyzer, DLS = dynamic light scattering
The loading of AgNPs on cotton fabrics
imparts antibacterial properties to the textiles, making them suitable for
various medical applications or textile preservation (Lite
et al., 2022; Rehan et al.,
2017). The antibacterial efficacy of AgNPs is influenced by several
parameters. Among these, the size and shape of the AgNPs are extensively
discussed in most studies. Additionally, other crucial factors, including
surface accessibility, silver concentration, and the presence of other
chemicals, have been reported to affect the antibacterial activity of AgNPs.
Even though the precise mechanism behind
the antibacterial activity of AgNPs is still unclear, various researchers have
proposed the mechanism of the AgNPs antibacterial action. The death of bacteria
may be attributed to the silver nanoparticles' ability to continuously
discharge silver ions. Metal nanoparticles, including AgNPs, typically release
ions when they come into contact with an organic medium (Ahmed, Ogulata, and Gülnaz, 2022). Silver ions can adhere to
the cell wall due to electrostatic attraction and affinity to thiol groups
(-SH) of enzymes (Prabhu and Poulose, 2012).
This leads to metabolism changes and causes cell death. Various researchers
argued that AgNPs' antibacterial properties are primarily influenced by the
chemisorbed silver ions (Ag+), not by zero-valent AgNPs (Ahmed, Ogulata, and Gülnaz,
2022; Elmaaty et al., 2018; Liu et
al., 2022; Prabhu and Poulose, 2012; Strokova
et al., 2020). Following this approach, AgNPs can be categorized as
bactericidal agents. On the other hand, the interaction of silver cations with
the negatively charged cell walls of the pathogens may also alter their
chemical and physical characteristics. This action prevents the cell's ability
to reproduce and interferes with the cell membrane's functions and protein
activity. In this mechanism, AgNPs act as bacterial inhibitors or
bacteriostatic agents (Shahri
et al., 2022). Escherichia
coli and Staphylococcus aureus
are the most common bacterial species (Shahid-ul-Islam
et al., 2020; Yu et al., 2020).
The two species are most usually seen in infectious diseases in humans and are
known to have high levels of resistance to antibiotics. Depending on the
therapeutic applications that one hopes to develop, the choice of the bacterium
to be investigated is equally crucial.
Other functionalities, such as UV
protection, sensors, and packaging, were also explored in the studied papers.
The UV protection properties of AgNPs result from their high refractive index,
which leads to more robust UV scattering (El-Zawahry
et al., 2022; Rehan et al.,
2017). Functionalized cotton with AgNPs could efficiently protect human skin
from harmful UV radiation, opening up a wide range of possible medical
applications. AgNPs-printed fabrics provide significantly better UV protection
than blank fabrics according to the Australian/New Zealand standard (AS/NZS
4399:1996), with UPF values of 33.17 and 1.79, respectively (Elmaaty et al., 2018).
AgNPs-coated cotton, where the AgNPs were
produced using Lepidium meyenii
extract, was applied as a colorimetric sensor for detecting milk freshness in
real time (Karaku? Baytemir, and Ta?alt?n, 2022).
The freshness of the milk was detected by its hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
content and performed by the smartphone RGB image analysis application and the
ImageJ software. In the presence of other biomolecules such as urea, ascorbic
acid, lactose, and glucose as interference, the colorimetric H2O2
sensor exhibited a low limit of detection (LoD) of 3.84 M in a broad
concentration range of 0.5-5000 µM. The color changes of the AgNPs-coated
cotton biosensor were associated with the oxidation of Ag in the presence
of H2O2. The color of cotton gradually changed from black
to transparent at 4 °C milk for 4 days.
Future Challenges
This section discusses challenges related to the development of
multifunctional cotton with AgNPs. The first challenge is related to the
loading technique, which is to obtain permanent AgNPs immobilization on cotton.
Stable and permanent deposition of AgNPs on the cotton usually requires
numerous steps, such as preparation, application, drying, and curing. As a
result, these procedures require a lot of time, resources, and energy,
especially in high-volume production. Procedures that are simpler, low cost,
environmentally friendly, and applicable on an industrial scale are certainly
needed. Applying the in-situ synthesis method and modifying the reducing
and stabilizing agents using bio-based material such as from plants can be a
good alternative and solution to current and future problems.
The second challenge is related to the development of functionalities.
As technology develops and human needs become increasingly diverse, textiles
and garments with additional or new functions will be in demand. One of the
functionalities that becomes a challenge is conductive textiles. This
conductive property will make textiles usable for electrical functions. For
example, smart garments or wearable sensors for personalized healthcare, smart
food packaging, or energy conversion and storage (El
Guerraf et al., 2023; Afroj et al., 2020; Yun et al., 2013). Some conductive
polymers, such as polypyrrole, polyanilines, and polythiophenes, have been
applied to fibers to develop phi-conjugated conductive fibers (Zeng et al., 2014). For example,
silver-coated polyamide multifilament yarns were fabricated as fabric
electrodes. The electrodes can be developed as wearable nanogenerators and
applied to convert the mechanical energy of human activity into electricity (Zeng et al., 2013).
The third challenge is related to the aesthetic of textile products.
People will normally choose a textile product not only on its functionalities
but also on its appearance, for example, the color. Cotton fabrics have been
used for thousands of years and are mostly colored. Synthetic dyes, such as azo
dyes, are normally used to produce colorful fabrics, which can seriously
endanger the environment. Anisotropic AgNPs can also act as a colorant where
the color is tailored by changing their size and shape (Wu
et al., 2016). However, the range of colors produced is limited.
Alternatively, the use of eco-friendly natural dyes can be an option to get
more colorful multifunctional textiles.
This article systematically reviews the
functionalization of cotton with phytosynthesized-AgNPs. The studied papers
were extracted from the Scopus database in the 2013-2022 period. Bibliometric
analysis exhibited that there are three cluster research fields connected to
the functionalization of cotton with AgNPs, i.e., research on the synthesis
methods, characterization, and application of the AgNPs-coated cotton.
Generally, AgNPs loading can be done by ex-situ
and in-situ methods, but nearly half
of the study reviewed used the in-situ
method as this method produced AgNPs coating with good wash-durability and
color fastness. Most often, the AgNPs were used due to their antibacterial and
antimicrobial properties. However, other functionalities such as UV protector,
sensor, colorant, anti-inflammatory, wound dressing, and packaging have also
been studied, and it is expected that these are among the areas where
AgNPs-coated cotton or fabric will be applied in the near future. Meanwhile,
research challenges related to the development of AgNPs-functionalized cotton
will include developing techniques for permanently immobilizing AgNPs on
cotton, creating functionalities for advanced applications, and producing
aesthetic textile products with functionalities by applying natural dyes.
The authors express their gratitude to
the UGM Research Directorate and UGM Reputation Enhancement Team for their
support through the postdoctoral research grant
(1562/UN1/DSDM/PR/PT.01.03/2023) under the World Class University UGM-Quality
Assurance Office.
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