Published at : 28 Jun 2023
Volume : IJtech
Vol 14, No 4 (2023)
DOI : https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v14i4.6146
Eva Oktavia Ningrum | Department of Industrial Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Vocational Studies, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia |
Ianatul Khoiroh | Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia |
Hanifah Inas Nastiti | Department of Industrial Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Vocational Studies, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia |
Ryan Anindya Affan | Department of Industrial Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Vocational Studies, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia |
Achmad Dwitama Karisma | Department of Industrial Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Vocational Studies, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia |
Elly Agustiani | Department of Industrial Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Vocational Studies, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia |
Agus Surono | Department of Industrial Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Vocational Studies, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia |
Heri Suroto | Orthopedic and Traumatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University/Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Jl. Mayjen Prof. Dr. Moestopo No.47, Surabaya, Jawa Timur 60132, Indonesia |
S. Suprapto | Department of Industrial Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Vocational Studies, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia |
Lulu Sekar Taji | Department of Industrial Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Vocational Studies, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia |
Sinung Widiyanto | Magister of Ocean Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Marine Sciences, Hang Tuah University, Jl. Arief Rahman Hakim No.150, Keputih, Kec. Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesi |
In the presented work, the
formation of anodic oxide film on Ti-6Al-4V ELI (Extra Low Interstitial) alloy
in 0.02 M trisodium phosphate (Na3PO4) electrolyte solution using various voltages were investigated. The color produced by the anodizing, the intensity of TiO2 content, the thickness of the oxide layer, and the corrosion rate were examined. It was obtained that the color appearance of Ti-6Al-4V ELI could be changed easily by altering the applied voltages. The higher the voltage applied in the anodizing process, the thicker the titanium oxide layer formed. The corrosion resistance analysis in a Simulated Body Fluid revealed that the non-anodized specimen showed a higher corrosion rate compared to the anodized specimen. The increase of oxide layer thickness leads to a significant decrease in corrosion rate and consequently increases the corrosion resistance. In addition, the anodized sample achieved the highest corrosion resistance at 15 V.
Anodizing; Corrosion resistance; Titanium oxide; Ti-6Al-4V alloy
A bone
implant is a medical device used to strengthen the existing bone
structure or supports an injured bone structure. In this case,
approximately 90% of implants in Indonesia imports. Therefore, given
the rising demand for implants, the development of bone implants is a crucial
debate issue. Based on the biomedical viewpoint, implant stability and the
osseointegration process, which has the potential for rehabilitation, are the
most important internal factors in the implantation of medical devices. Therefore,
it is essential to create bone implants that have high-quality and
effective when placed within the body (Dewi et
al., 2020; Genisa et al., 2020; Izmin et al., 2020). Orthopedic implants are now
made from various materials, including polymers, ceramics, metals, and
composites. The majority of metals are bio tolerant, although titanium and its
alloys have a bioinert nature under
specific circumstances (Koju, Niraula and Fotovvati, 2022).
Titanium Ti-6Al-4V ELI is a commonly used implant material in the
medical field due to its mechanical and corrosion resistance properties
Implant surface modification is necessary to obtain good implant
properties and performance for the body. This surface modification is important
to increase surface energy by providing surface roughness and chemical
composition. This will increase tissue adhesion and implant integration as well
as reduce bacterial reactions and inflammatory responses in the body
According to prior research, some inorganic
ions, such as molybdate and metavanadate, can passivate titanium in solutions
of sulfuric and hydrochloric acids
Research concerning the anodizing process of Ti-6Al-4V alloy has been
numerously conducted; however, it is only limited to the use of corrosion
resistance test solution, causing its inability to simulate the body's
physiological condition. Therefore, the current research used SBF solution. The
effect of various voltage on the implant color visual, the mass of the oxide
layer formed, oxide film thickness, and implant corrosion resistance were
investigated in this study. Moreover, the correlation between film thickness
and its corrosion resistance was also elucidated. In addition, the trisodium
phosphate electrolyte solution was chosen because it provides better corrosion
resistance compared to the acidic electrolyte solution (Karambakhsh et al., 2015).
2.1.
Materials
The main material used in this research was Ti-6Al-4V ELI metals act as
an anode that would be layered by TiO2 using an anodizing method. An
aluminum foil sheet was also used as a cathode. The electrolyte used was 2 g of
trisodium phosphate dodecahydrate purchased from Merck, which initially
dissolved in 1000 mL aquadest. Titanium wire 28 AWG 0.3 mm and alligator clip
were also employed as the supporter of both Ti-6Al-4V ELI metal and aluminum
foil during the anodizing process. The electrical power source was obtained
from DC Power Supply WANPTEK of NPS 1203W 120V/3A type. In addition, a SBF
solution was used as an electrolyte during the potentiodynamic polarization
analysis to investigate the corrosion rate of anodized Ti-6Al-4V ELI metal
material.
2.2. Methods
Anodizing method was done in Na3PO4
(base solution) electrolyte solution. In this case, the Ti-6Al-4V
specimen obtained pre-treatment to make the implant surface shiny so that the
anodizing color produced can be seen clearly. This pre-treatment process used
Ti-6Al-4V ELI metals, previously polished using langsol or green stone to obtain a mirror-like surface. The
solution used for anodizing was Trisodium Phosphate solution with a
concentration of 0.02 M of 250 mL volume. The cathode was aluminum foil, and
the anode was the Ti-6Al-4V specimens. Anodizing process was performed within
30 s for each sample, the variable parameter being the anodizing voltage.
Anodizing was performed in the 15-75 V voltage range, and with the steps of 15
V. The schematic apparatus for an anodizing process is shown in Figure 1.
2.2.1. XRD Analysis
XRD was
used to identify the titanium oxide crystal component formed after anodizing.
2.2.2. Spectrophotometry
Analysis
Spectrophotometry
Analysis was carried out to determine the quantitative parameters of the
specimen surface color (Konica Minolta CM-5 spectrophotometer). In order to
measure the color difference of each specimen, this tool would obtain data
values of L*, a*, and b*, where chromaticity was obtained using the CIELAB
color space method based by using Equation (1)
No |
Reagent |
Composition (g/L) |
1. |
NaCl |
8.00 |
2. |
KCl |
0.40 |
3. |
CaCl2 |
0.18 |
4. |
NaHCO3 |
0.35 |
5. |
Na2HPO4.2H2O |
0.48 |
6. |
MgCl2.6H2O |
0.10 |
7. |
KH2PO4 |
0.06 |
8. |
MgSO4.7H2O |
0.10 |
9. |
Glucose |
1.00 |
3.1. Analysis of Anodizing
Results in Trisodium Phosphate Electrolyte