Creating Engagement Opportunity for Math Learning
Corresponding email: teohsian@uitm.edu.my
Published at : 19 Oct 2022
Volume : IJtech
Vol 13, No 5 (2022)
DOI : https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v13i5.5858
Teoh, S.H., Mohamed, S.R., Mohd, A.H., Rasid, N.S.M., Yusof, M.M.M., 2022. Creating Engagement Opportunity for Math Learning. International Journal of Technology. Volume 13(5), pp. 1013-1022
| Sian Hoon Teoh | Faculty of Education, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia |
| Siti Rosiah Mohamed | Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pahang, Kampus Jengka 26400, Pahang, Malaysia |
| Ainun Hafizah Mohd | Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pahang, Kampus Jengka 26400, Pahang, Malaysia |
| Nor Syazwani Mohd Rasid | Faculty of Education, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia |
| Mohammad Mubarrak Mohd Yusof | Faculty of Education, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia |
Mathematics has
traditionally been regarded as an important topic for the fundamental
development of skills since it necessitates language and thinking. With these
required skills, students with less mathematics experience rely largely on
learning opportunities. Providing mathematics learning opportunities for
children may encourage them to study. Students are more likely to participate
in learning when teachers provide additional support. Previous research has
concentrated on both effective teaching and learning as well as student challenges.
Despite this, the current challenging circumstances have resulted in fewer
options for students to explore. As a result, this research aims to determine
how teachers and parents in a rural mathematics community in Malaysia create
opportunities for students to participate in mathematics education. Teachers,
parents, and students make up the community. A case study was used to obtain
qualitative data via interview. This study included four teachers and two
parents. Purposive sampling was used to select the samples, with participants
agreeing to be involved. The findings revealed that the teachers and parents
were equally concerned about their children’s education and focused on
mentoring them. To help their children, the parents relied on technology. This
study provides input on strategies used to engage students in mathematics
education.
Engagement; Mathematics Community; Mathematics Education; Mathematics Learning Opportunity
Teachers and parents play vital roles in educating children. Despite having the same goal of supporting students in their learning, teachers and parents each have a specific role to play. Collaboration between teachers and parents is always understood as an effort to assist students to become more academically successful (Patton & Hardman, 2019). In modern society, their efforts go beyond just collaboration and also include communication and commitment (Grace & Ariri, 2022). Teachers must also carry out the challenging work of ensuring students' environmental awareness in addition to providing instruction, as this has an effect on students' well-being and, consequently, their academic performance (Hooper & Gaviria, 2021; Magista et al., 2018). As a result, even though parents and teachers play specific roles in children's education, they must collaborate in order to support children both today and in the future (Torres-Rendon & Zinsser, 2022). Hence, the contributions are viewed as opportunities by learners. It enables them to embark on a challenging path of mastering mathematics..
Problem Statement
Students who desire to study
mathematics may find it challenging to move forward with their learning due to
fewer opportunities for communication with teachers, especially during the
COVID-19. Because of the social distance, there is less opportunity for learners
to communicate directly with their teachers. The distance has impacted the
students’ involvement in studying. There is less
seriousness in distance learning. They feel that
the only way to interact completely is through face-to-face learning. During the
pandemic, it was reported that students disliked distance learning because of
the absence of social interaction (Al-Mawee et al.,
2021). This limitation was also discussed in the prior study. According
to Mali and Lim (2021), face-to-face
learning creates a learning environment that inspires pupils to engage in their
studies. All pupils are given the opportunity to receive assistance from their
teachers. Therefore, they would want a more straightforward approach as well as
more engaging learning approaches. Teachers should engage students because it
gives them the impression that they are receiving opportunities for learning (Cicekci & Sadik, 2019). Regardless of the
circumstances, though, the learning process continues. Because social issues
are addressed in constructivism from both a school and a parent's perspective,
the development of children's mathematics skills is still influenced by their
social situations (Jay et al., 2018).
Furthermore,
many parents are concerned about their children's good academic results (Purnomo et al., 2021). Nonetheless, it might be
challenging for parents to motivate their children to learn a difficult
subject. Parents who are not academicians may have to consider other
opportunities to keep their children interested. The problem is compounded by
the need to learn how to use digital technologies. Because they are not
prepared, parents may be unable to use the technical instrument. As a result,
as outlined in the latest sharing, new interaction tactics and alternative ways
may be required (Kingston, 2021). There are
many ways to interact. It is vital in this circumstance to comprehend how
parents interact with their children. Apart from that, parents' supports of
their children's mathematics abilities and performance was believed to affect
their children’ desire to learn mathematics (Teoh
et al., 2021). This remark may provide parents with ideas on how they
may help. The aid is intended to provide opportunities to get more confidence
in learning mathematics, preventing students from falling behind in the subject
at any moment. As a result, this research aims to understand how teachers and
parents in a rural community in Malaysia create opportunities for students to
participate in mathematics education.
Literature Review
It is
difficult to keep children interested in mathematics because many mathematical
concepts are complex and linked. However, educators have been paying attention
to learners’ excitement for learning mathematics to cope with mathematics
lessons. Cultivating learners' interest in mathematics is one technique to
ensure that they are fully engaged in their studies regularly. Hence, the
following literature review highlights the interplay of opportunity and
community.
3.1. Learning Opportunity
The phrase ‘opportunity for any learning’
is always used to describe the circumstances that lead to learning. Teachers or
learning communities should focus on the time and content components of a
learning opportunity to accomplish this (Elliott &
Bartlett, 2016). Teachers ensure that all learning occurs according to
their plans, while parents should spend time discussing learning difficulties
with their children.
Opportunity is one of the educational
aspects of addressing educational needs (Averill,
2013). Learning opportunities are required everywhere, regardless of
whether the learner is an adult or not, it was emphasised. It gives people the
opportunity to develop as individuals. Young learners should be given the
opportunities to show their interests in receiving any assistance for the
learning of mathematics. In this regard, a teacher is always a facilitator or
someone who aids in the learning process. To grasp this, it was suggested that
learners should be shaped from the outside with constant monitoring (Loeng, 2020; Harper-Young, 2018). As a result,
education should place a premium on observing learners' learning phases by any
parties, such as parents.
Education involves a process of allowing
everyone to reach their maximum potential. As a result, providing help to young
learners is crucial; otherwise, they would miss out on developmental
opportunities. Parents may be able to assist their children in meeting their
basic educational needs. For example, even though there are many areas of
mathematics that students find challenging, they must keep a positive mental
attitude. On the other hand, parents may greatly affect their children's
attention and ensure that they are not worried. However, not all parents can do
so. As a result, the learning community provides some strategies for guiding
parents who require assistance.
It is stressed that both parents and
teachers play a significant role in fostering a pleasant learning environment.
Young students may require a higher level of security and control (Gossling, 2019). They are given the proper
direction and learning process with a sense of security. At the very least,
they are self-assured and believe they have received help when it is needed.
They have a greater sense of control and are more driven. Young learners lack
the maturity to decide about the next step and how to handle challenges in
their education. The fulfillment of needs is critical because basic needs must
be addressed before other desires may be met (Maksum,
2021). This meeting of a basic need ensures that everyone has an equal
opportunity to study throughout their lives. Most essential, the students are
carefully looked after in the classroom. As a result, they are confident in
their ability to continue their studies. On the other hand, creating learning
opportunities is critical to achieving SDG 4 on education, emphasizing
inclusion, equity, and opportunity for lifelong learning (Elfert, 2019).
3.2.
Teachers' Roles in Mathematics Community
Teachers are encouraged to create
opportunities for students to express their ideas and generate more questions
in student-center learning. In addition, their skills and resources are
required in many educational settings to aid parents and the community in
engaging pupils in mathematics education (Teoh et
al., 2021). As a result, teachers play two important roles in math
instruction.
To begin with, teachers are leaders
responsible for giving leadership in the community to develop knowledge and
skills. They have a lot of responsibilities in school, such as engaging
students creatively and fostering critical thinking skills (Hamza & Griffith, 2006; Khalid et al., 2020).
They must be aware of the intellectual and familial backgrounds of their
students.
Furthermore, they must establish a
positive relationship with their students. They provide more input to support
learners’ learning experiences, which creates opportunities. Their life
experiences greatly influence how well they do in math (Furner
& Worrell, 2017). Second, as experts in their field, instructors may
introduce and assist parents with related and beneficial resources. Teachers
are subject matter experts who should be considered in any cooperative endeavor
to achieve the goal of mathematics education. The goal of mathematics education
is to develop life skills. Mathematical abilities can be developed through
formal and informal mathematics activities that engage pupils in
problem-solving. On the other hand, the ability to answer math problems is linked
to a student’s family and educational background. It has been discovered that
students’ attitudes toward studying are influenced by their interactions with
their teachers, peers and families (Chen et al.,
2020).
Equipped with the knowledge of students’
backgrounds, teachers can successfully engage students in mathematics
activities and set up mathematics communities to foster meaningful learning (Yolcu, 2019). Collaborative activities are some
good examples that can help students to be better at learning mathematics, as
those who are engaged in collaboration tend to perform better than those who do
not (Saka, 2021). This is supported by Olanrewaju and Suleiman (2019), who found similar
results in their study. With the two major tasks, namely creating opportunities
for students learning and guidance for parents, teachers can develop a culture
of learning mathematics (Owens, 2015).
Creative learning activities can be incorporated into the classroom with input
from community members.
3.3.
Parents’ Roles in Mathematics Community
Parents' contributions to their
children's well-being are becoming increasingly significant. Parents become
aware of the problem when their children struggle to complete schoolwork while
showing signs of anxiety. Furthermore, the current circumstances necessitate
learners to learn remotely with less face-to-face interaction, which has
elevated anxiety levels (Kumari, 2022). As a
result, parents' nurturing of their children emotional growth is vital (Else-Quest et al., 2008).
When going about their daily routines in
today's world, everyone is dealing with a diversified environment. These
students, overall, need more assistance. Furthermore, their perspectives may
differ from those of others. This may increase anxiety in students who are
behind in their studies. In this case, the learner's desire helps acquire a
sense of security (Ilany, 2022).
It was also discovered that contextual
factors that contribute to students' emotions directly impact their mathematics
accomplishments, demonstrating that their learning contributes to learning
achievement. If their parents are likewise worried, they may show a lack of
confidence in their schoolwork (Koch, 2018).
Given the intricacy of mathematics, parents’ help is critical for their
children’s development.
Success
is usually considered unachievable if no one can assist them and make them
dependent. As a result, Williams and Williams
(2022) demonstrated that parents who provided opportunities for
mathematics discussion increased the quality of their children's engagement.
Opportunities are becoming essential as research shows that aiding math
learning in various ways, such as providing a pleasant environment, can reduce
anxiety levels (Luttenberger, 2022). Both
parental involvement and teacher assistance are critical for students’ levels
of engagement. Hence, maintaining a positive relationship with schools is
important to achieving this goal.
The current study was a case study that
investigated how teachers and parents in a Malaysian rural community encourage
students to participate in mathematics education. This study presents a portion
of the findings of a larger investigation. The larger study aims to investigate
how mathematics education develops in a community. One of the focuses is an
investigation of teachers' contributions to mathematics education in rural
areas (Teoh et al., 2021). Hence, this study adds some input regarding
the mathematics community’s role in providing opportunities for the development
of math education. The focus samples in this study were teachers and parents in
a rural area in Malaysia. The samples were selected purposively among the
teachers and parents whose children were studying in the area. Apart from that,
the samples were selected with the inclusion criteria of willingness to share
their experiences and views on math community matters.
A total of four teachers and two parents
were interviewed for the contribution of data. Because the samples were
purposefully selected with the respondents' voluntary participation, the number
of samples (specifically teachers and parents) was limited to six in this
study. Therefore, the study region is isolated, with only a few teachers.
Furthermore, the emergence of COVID-19 in February 2020 impacted the data
gathering period. The samples became less accessible as a result as the
conclusions of this study were based on a small sample size. Some of the
interview questions are “How do you influence your children in their learning?”
and “To what extent do you find your role in giving them opportunities in their
learning?”. After the transcription, the data were analyzed using a qualitative
approach. In the analysis, T1, T2, T3, and T4 represent the teachers, while P1
and P2 represent the parents.
This study has a limitation in terms of
the number of samples. The number of samples involved in the interview was
limited to four teachers and two parents. It was due to two factors. First, the
data was gathered when the movement control order (MCO) was in effect during
the COVID-19 pandemic. In February 2020, right before the MCO, only a small
number of samples—teachers—were reached. Second, cell phones were used in the
effort to get in touch with participants. Only a small number of respondents
agreed to take part in the survey. This study's findings were therefore based
on a small sample size.
The findings
were reported for the two research questions as below.
5.1. Findings for Research
Question One
Research Question One: How
do teachers provide opportunities to engage pupils in mathematics education?
The findings from the
interview revealed two main themes to address Research Question One. The themes
are (1) providing a supportive
environment and (2) teacher-parent communication. Table 1 illustrates
the summary of the outputs for Research Question One. The responses to a
supportive environment emerged as the most concerning strategy in creating
engagement opportunity for the learning among the teachers in the community.
Other than that, parents also play important roles in assisting the teachers to
create opportunities to learn mathematics. Hence, the theme of teacher-parent
communication is captured.
Table 1 Themes for the findings of Research Question One
|
|
T1 |
T2 |
T3 |
T4 |
|
Supportive environment (meeting
individuals’ needs, guidance, and concerns |
|
|
|
|
|
Teacher-parent communication |
|
|
|
|
This
study found that the teachers grasped any opportunity to contribute to the
mathematics community. They looked at opportunities to create a conducive
learning environment for students' mathematics. Other than that, the conducive
environment before the pandemic relied on classroom interaction and focused on
individual learners' learning. Nevertheless, the opportunities become
challenges when the teaching and learning must be conducted online. In this
study, teachers were aware of students' needs and built a good rapport, as
described by T1, T2, and T4. They showed their care.
T1: “We are aware that our pupils
need help...”
T2: “…
since we have built our relationship, the pupils can get along with the
teachers.”
T4: “The
school collaborate with counselling teachers to share the role of parents in
helping students learn at home. There are also teachers providing learning
modules…”
Teachers,
on the other hand, used the opportunity to challenge the students by assigning
difficult tasks. T3 described her effort as below.
T3: “Many
are not well exposed. They need teachers’ guidance. For example, I asked them
to make a model system planet.”
Having a positive mindset has encouraged
students to participate in the endeavor. Teachers who were aware of the issue
of the learning environment tried to get students' attention by providing
feedback and hints. The information has been examined. Overall, the data show
that the teachers put a lot of effort in providing the supportive environment.
Besides, they were also assisting the students by having good communication
with parents, as described by T3 and T4.
T3: “…We
communicate with the parents through WhatsApp, but not all parents are
cooperative.”
T4: “…when parents
have questions, they will send personal messages to the teacher, to get to know
the teacher, to ask questions, like that. So, parents’ involvement is
relatively okay…”
The above findings
show that the mathematics community contributes to creating a positive learning
environment by providing feedback, guidance, and parental involvement.
5.2. Findings for Research Question Two
Research Question Two: How
do parents provide opportunities to engage pupils in mathematics education?
The
findings from the interview revealed three main themes to address Research
Question Two. The themes are (1) monitoring, (2)
provide technological tools and supports, and (3) teacher-parent relationship.
Table 2 illustrates the summary of the outputs for Research Question Two.
Table 2 Themes for the
findings of research question two
|
|
P1 |
P2 |
|
Monitoring |
|
|
|
Provide
technological tools and supports |
|
|
|
Teacher-parent
relationship |
|
|
The parents help their children in a variety of ways. Note that P1 and P2 have
shared more effort in assisting their children. For example, P2 mentioned that
she was involved in her children's homework supervision. P1 also claimed that his
wife went out of her way to find more information for his children. For their
assistance, technology has been employed to keep their kids interested. The
following is how the inputs are characterized.
P2: “Need to always
monitor the children and do homework together. And do a lot of exercises.”
P1: “My wife is very helpful in teaching Mathematics at
home. If my wife does not understand, my wife will refer to the internet and
teachers.”
They
were also willing to put effort into preparing
technological tools for their children to learn, even though they had some
difficulties doing so. P1 also shared that he always supported his children's
learning with any required tool. Parents' help with technological tools is
expressed by P1 as follows.
P1: “Learning is conducted online. Parents need to
top up the internet every week. The teacher will send homework to the students
via WhatsApp… I will spend RM20 per week so the learning process can run
smoothly. I’m willing to sacrifice for learning.”
They
were committed to preparing for their children's learning. In addition, they
have a good relationship with teachers, as described by P1. They were
cooperative since they were willing to involve themselves in mathematics
education. P1 expressed that he also helped to deliver learning materials to
his children.
P1: “We have a good
relationship. We even have Group WhatsApp… parents have to pick up books at
school or teachers send them home…”
The cooperation between
teachers and parents also came from the parents' effort in their communication.
For example, P2 shared that she sought help from a teacher about her children's
work.
P2: “If I don't understand, I’ll ask the teacher. Besides,
the teacher will screenshot the question, and I can refer to it in the textbook.”
According to the conclusions of this study,
mathematics teachers should provide extra opportunities in the mathematics
community. Creating a supportive environment, offering aid, and assisting
parents in assisting their children are all possibilities for the study. The
opportunities were shown to be beneficial in engaging pupils in mathematics
instruction both directly and indirectly (Yeh et
al., 2019), who investigated the impact of games on mathematics education,
described mathematics as a difficult topic that demands a favorable learning
environment. As a result, proving clues and receiving feedback are the two most
important variables in mathematical achievement. Also, aiding parents in making
more compelling remarks is highly recommended.
On the
other hand, providing opportunities for learning mathematics through “math
talk” and questioning are examples (Murata et al.,
2017). Teachers' efforts to offer opportunities have been identified as
a crucial factor in students' participation in math classes (Kronenberg et al., 2010; Teoh et al., 2021).
Starting specific activities and putting student learning concerns into
practice, such as learning from mathematics examples, are two alternatives (Litster, 2020). The idea was for students to be
able to take an active role in their education. Teachers, for example, engage
pupils in activities that require them to duplicate mathematical ideas to
improve their mathematical knowledge. On the other hand, teachers' concerns may
not be realized in practice if parents do not assist.
Ultimately, teachers may consider their efforts responsive to assisting children's thinking, but parents' involvement in mentoring learners may be required. In this study, parents are strong teaching and learning process advocates. They acted as instructors' helpers, ensuring their children participated in the learning process. As a result, parents should always consult instructors when it comes to supporting children's mathematics learning in the community. Both parties work collaboratively to meet the learning needs of individuals. This is especially important since, in today's learning environment, a learning community should be established, especially in the case of online and hybrid learning (Garrison, 2019). Additionally, educators are now relying on the digitization of education (Godin & Terekhova, 2021; Koroleva & Kuratova, 2020).
This study recommends that teachers as leaders be encouraged to promote classroom practices among themselves in the school community. Besides, new opportunities for parents to participate are critical. Finally, the role of parents is to provide and receive feedback on their children’s learning.
This
study is part of a larger study, and the authors gratefully acknowledge the
funding by the Geran Penyelidikan LESTARI SDG Triangle 2019 (Project
Number: 158/2019) from Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Malaysia.
Acknowledgment also goes to the Faculty of Education, UiTM.
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