• International Journal of Technology (IJTech)
  • Vol 13, No 4 (2022)

Impedantiometric behavior of solid biopolymer electrolyte elaborated from cassava starch synthesized in different pH

Impedantiometric behavior of solid biopolymer electrolyte elaborated from cassava starch synthesized in different pH

Title: Impedantiometric behavior of solid biopolymer electrolyte elaborated from cassava starch synthesized in different pH
Alvaro Arrieta, Isora Barrera, Jorge Mendoza

Corresponding email:


Cite this article as:
Arrieta, A., Barrera, I., Mendoza, J., 2022. Impedantiometric behavior of solid biopolymer electrolyte elaborated from cassava starch synthesized in different pH. International Journal of Technology. Volume 13(4), pp. 912-920

320
Downloads
Alvaro Arrieta Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Sucre, Road 28 No. 5-267 Red Door neighborhood, Sincelejo, Colombia, Postal Code 700008
Isora Barrera Mercedes Abrego Educational Institution, Diag. 6-119, Tv. 1 #6-1, Monteria, Colombia, Postal Code 230004
Jorge Mendoza Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Córdoba, Monteria, Colombia, Postal Code 230002
Email to Corresponding Author

Abstract
Impedantiometric behavior of solid biopolymer electrolyte elaborated from cassava starch synthesized in different pH

This paper approaches the study of pH’s effect on elaborate films of solid biopolymer electrolyte from cassava starch and its impedantiometric response. The films of solid biopolymer electrolyte were elaborated by thermochemical synthesis while varying the pH (2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, and 12). Starch was extracted from cassava tubers by a traditional method (disintegrated, washed, decanted, filtered, and dried). Solid biopolymer electrolyte films were processed by thermochemical synthesis  by adding plasticizers (glycerol, glutaraldehyde, and polyethylene glycol) and lithium salt (lithium perchlorate). The impedance behavior was studied using the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique. The Nyquist and Bode’s diagrams registered presented a similar trend in all the films; therefore, they were described by the same equivalent circuit model. However, the equivalent circuit components presented different values in each case. The conductivity and capacitance showed a quadratic polynomial tendency in relation to the pH, obtaining the highest conductivity in the films elaborated at acidic pH and the highest capacitance in the films elaborated at basic pH.  The degree of basicity or acids allowed conductivity to be modulated or capacitance of the solid biopolymer electrolyte as required. It could be concluded that the production pH has a marked effect on impedantiometric behavior of films of solid biopolymer electrolyte from cassava starch, which may be useful to modulate the electrochemical properties of this type of material in future Applications. 

Cassava; Electrochemical impedance; pH; Solid biopolymer electrolyte; Starch

Introduction

Within the wide range of materials available, polymers are undoubtedly the most used in the development of an ample variety of utensils and devices for everyday use. Polymers are very popular due to their excellent mechanical properties, high resistance to attack by organic and inorganic solvents, and corrosion resistance, among others. The global use of polymers is so great that they have now become an environmental problem worldwide, as they constitute one of the main sources of pollution (Zhong et al., 2019; Dwivedi et al., 2019; Emi-Cassola et al., 2019). 

    Polymers are considered highly polluting materials (Dwivedi et al., 2019; Emi-Cassola et al., 2019; Shonnard et al., 2019). This contingency has carried numerous research centers worldwide to seek alternatives to replace synthetic polymers (petrochemical origin) worldwide to seek alternatives to replace synthetic polymers (petrochemical origin) with polymers elaborated from biological sources (biopolymers). Biopolymers can have similar properties to synthetic polymers, so they can be used in a wide range of applications and are also friendly to the environment, due to their good biodegradability, low production cost and originating from renewable sources (Mohamed et al., 2018).
    Due to their high technological and industrial potential, the most used and studied biopolymers are cellulose, alginate, starch, chitosan, among others (Rochardjo et al., 2021; Imani et al., 2022; Jyothi et al., 2019). However, the low electrical conductivity of conventional polymers and biopolymers has limited their applications in various new electronic devices. In recent decades, the development of polymers capable of conducting electric current (i.e., conducting polymers) has opened the possibility of applying such materials in applications as diverse as smart windows, solar cells, sensors, artificial muscles, capacitors, electrochemical accumulators, electroluminescent diodes (LEDs), touch panels, among others (Cichosz et al., 2018; Itik et al., 2015; AL-Barani et al., 2019).
    Conducting polymers are divided into two groups; the intrinsic conducting polymers (ICP), which can conduct electric current across the chains with conjugated bonds and charges generated by oxidation or reduction (Awuzie, 2017; Chen et al., 2021). On the other hand, the ionic conducting polymers, which have fixed charges in their chains and mobile ions that produce the electroneutrality in the matrix, in this type of materials the movement of mobile ions gives the conduction, so they are known as polymeric solid electrolytes (Aziz et al., 2018; Angell, 2019). Intrinsic and ionic conducting polymers are mostly synthetic and therefore cause  environmental problems typical of polymers from a petrochemical origin.
    Few works report the synthesis of biopolymers capable of conducting electric current (Arrieta et al., 2011; Mobarak et al., 2015). Recently, it has been reported the use of cassava starch to generate a conducting biopolymer with the use of plasticizers and lithium salt (Arrieta et al., 2011). This biopolymer has been studied as a solid electrolyte for application in an artificial muscle and as an electrochemical accumulator (Núñez et al., 2016; Arrieta et al., 2019a). However, not many studies have been conducted about the effect of synthesized pH on the electrochemical properties of this biopolymeric solid electrolyte. The effect of the synthesized pH on voltametric response and mechanical properties of this type of biopolymer material was reported recently, showing that factors such as redox potentials (oxidation/reduction), crystallinity, voltametric stability, modulus of elasticity and electrical conductivity can be affected. (Arrieta et al., 2019b; Arrieta et al., 2018). In this work, the study of a synthesized pH effect (pH values; 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, and 12) on a conducting biopolymer elaborated from cassava starch about its impedance behavior is presented.

Conclusion

Films of solid biopolymer electrolytes can be elaborated using cassava starch. The films were stable against handling; however, the films synthesized at pH 2 values were brittle and broke during handling. Therefore, the films presented stability when they were elaborated at a pH higher than 4. The impedaciometric behavior of the films showed a similar trend in all cases, is defined by a similar equivalent circuit model. However, the values of the  equivalent circuit components were different in each case. The pH used during the synthesis process affects the electrochemical properties of cassava starch solid biopolymer electrolyte films. The conductivity in the films presented a polynomial relationship (degree 2). The films elaborated at low pH registered a higher conductivity. On the other hand, the capacitance of the films showed a behavior opposite to the conductivity, being higher in the films synthesized at a more basic pH. This behavior could be due to the variation in the crystallinity of the biopolymeric films, which is influenced by the synthesized pH. The conduction mechanisms in solid biopolymer electrolyte films are not affected by pH; however, their capacitive and electrical conduction capacity are altered. In this way, it was determined that the variation in the synthesized pH allows to modulate the properties of conductivity or capacitance according to the application to which the solid biopolymer electrolyte is intended. In future works, the application of this material in smart fertilizer release systems will be studied.

Acknowledgement

        The authors acknowledgment to The Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation (Minciencias) - Colombia for the financial support provided to the project code BPIN 2020000100027 through resources from the General System of Royalties (SGR).

References

AL-Baradi, A.M., Al-Shehri, W.A., Badawi, A., Almalki, A.S.A., Merazga, A., 2019. A Study of the Nanostructure and Efficiency of Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on a Conducting Polymer. Heliyon, Volume 5(4), p. e01472

Angell, C.A., 2019. Concepts and Conflicts in Polymer Electrolytes: The Search for Ion Mobility. Electrochimica Acta, Volume 313(1), pp. 205210

Arrieta, A.A., Mendoza, J.M., Arrieta, P.L., 2019a. Evaluation of Elaboration Parameters of a Solid Biopolymer Electrolyte of Cassava Starch on Their Performance in an Electrochemical Accumulator. Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química, Volume 18(3), pp. 12031210

Arrieta, A., Garcia, C., Combatt, E., 2019b. Effect of Elaboration ph on the Electroactivity of Cassava Starch Solid Biopolymer Electrolyte Films. Rasayan Journal of Chemistry, Volume 12(4), pp. 17661773

Arrieta, A.A., Gañán, P.F., Márquez, S.E., Zuluaga, R., 2011. Electrically Conductive Bioplastics from Cassava Starch. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, Volume 22(6), pp. 11701176

Arrieta, A., Montoya, M., Palencia, M., 2018. Electrochemical Study of Cassava Starch Conductive Biopolymers Synthesized at Different pH. Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology, Volume 15, pp. 148151

Awuzie, C.I., 2017. Conducting Polymers. Materials Today: Proceedings, Volume 4(4), pp. 57215726

Aziz, S.B., Woo, T.J., Kadir, M.F.Z., Ahmed, H.M., 2018. A Conceptual Review on Polymer Electrolytes and Ion Transport Models. Journal of Science: Advanced Materials and Devices, Volume 3(1), pp. 117

Cichosz, S., Masek, A., Zaborski, M., 2018. Polymer-based Sensors: A Review. Polymer Testing. Volume 67, pp. 342348

Chen, Z., Villani, E., Inagi, S., 2021. Recent Progress in Bipolar Electropolymerization Methods Toward One-Dimensional Conducting Polymer Structures. Current Opinion in Electrochemistry, Volume 28, p. 10070

Dwivedi, P., Mishra, P.K., Mondal, M.K., Srivastava, N., 2019. Non-biodegradable Polymeric Waste Pyrolysis for Energy Recovery. Heliyon, Volume 5(8), pp. 115

Itik, M., Sahin, E., Ayas, M.S., 2015. Fractional Order Control of Conducting Polymer Artificial Muscles. Expert Systems with Applications, Volume 42(21), pp. 82128220

Jyothi, S., Subba Rao, Y.V., Samuel Ratnakumar, P.S., 2019. Natural Product as Corrosion Inhibitors in Various Corrosive Media: A Review. Rasayan Journal Chemical, Volume 12(2), pp. 537544

Imani, N.A.C., Kusumastuti, Y., Petrus, H.T.B.M., Timotius, D., Putri, N.R.E., Kobayashi, M., 2022. Preparation, Characterization, and Release Study of Nanosilica/Chitosan Composite Films. International Journal of Technology, Volume 13(2), pp. 444453

Khanmirzaei, M.H., Ramesh, S., 2013. Ionic Transport and FTIR Properties of Lithium Iodide Doped Biodegradable Rice Starch Based Polymer Electrolytes. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, Volume 8, pp. 99779991

Li, G., Li, Z., Zhang, P., Zhang, H., Wu, Y., 2008. Research on a Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Li-Ion Batteries. Pure and Applied Chemistry, Volume 80, pp. 2553–2563

Mobarak, N.N., Jumaah, F.N., Ghani, M.A., Abdullah, M.P., Ahmad, A., 2015. Carboxymethyl Carrageenan Based Biopolymer Electrolytes. Electrochimica Acta, Volume 175, pp. 224231

Mohamed, M.H., Ajaero, C., McMartin, D.W., Peru, K.M., Friesen, V., Simair, M., Headley, J.V., Wilson, L., 2018. Solubilized Chitosan Biopolymers for Sequestration of Organic Acids in Aquatic Environments after Biodegradation in a Constructed Wetland Treatment System. International Journal of Technology, Volume 9(6), pp. 11401150

Núñez, Y.E., Arrieta, A.A., Segura, J.A., Bertel, S.D., 2016. Synthesis of an Air-Working Trilayer Artificial Muscle Using a Conductive Cassava Starch Biofilm (manihot esculenta, cranz) and Polypyrrole (PPy). Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Volume 687, pp. 14

Rochardjo, H.S., Fatkhurrohman, Kusumaatmaja, A., Yudhanto, F., 2021. Fabrication of Nanofiltration Membrane Based on Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanofibers Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystal using Electrospinning Techniques. International Journal of Technology, Volume 12(2), pp. 329338

Shonnard, D., Tipaldo, E., Thompson, V., Pearce, J., Caneba, G., Handler, R., 2019. Systems Analysis for PET and Olefin Polymers in a Circular Economy. Procedia CIRP, Volume, 80, pp. 602606

Zhang, L., Shen, H., Luo, Y., 2010. Study on the Electric Conduction Properties of Fresh and Frozen-Thawed Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon Idellus) and Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal Food Science and Technology, Volume 45, pp. 25602564

Zhong, C., Zhao, H., Cao, H., Huang, Q., 2019. Polymerization of Micropollutants in Natural Aquatic Environments: A Review. Science of The Total Environment, Volume 693, pp. 121