Impact of Odd-Even Driving Restrictions on Air Quality in Jakarta
Published at : 09 Dec 2021
Volume : IJtech
Vol 12, No 5 (2021)
DOI : https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v12i5.5227
Zulkarnain, Ghiffary, A., 2021. Impact of odd-even driving restrictions on air quality in Jakarta. International Journal of Technology. Volume 12(5), pp. 925-934
| Zulkarnain | Departement of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia |
| Al Ghiffary | Departement of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia |
Governments
often enact driving restrictions through transportation demand management
programs to solve traffic congestion and air pollution problems in a city or
region by prohibiting the public from using their private vehicles during
certain days. Driving restrictions are quite prevalent in cities in which many
private cars are operated, including DKI Jakarta, where such a program has been
implemented for several years. The purpose of this study is to estimate the
effect or impact of the expansion of odd-even driving restrictions on DKI
Jakarta’s ambient air quality. Carried out by regression discontinuity design,
this study found that the odd-even driving restrictions do not significantly
reduce DKI Jakarta’s air pollutants. Several factors that affect the
restrictions’ impact include the restrictions’ selective mechanism and
compensating response managed by the public. Thus, the government should
improve the restriction mechanism or enact more impactful programs to solve the
air quality problem in DKI Jakarta.
Air quality; Driving restrictions; Regression discontinuity design; Transportation demand management
Air pollution has been considered one of the most concerning
environmental issues around the world. The high concentration of air pollutants
leads to several negative impacts on human health. In 2016, outdoor air
pollution resulted in an estimated 4.2 million premature deaths worldwide, with
about 91% of those premature deaths occurring in low- and middle-income
countries, particularly in South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions (World Health Organization, 2018).
DKI Jakarta has been struggling to solve the air quality problem in recent years. The air quality of DKI Jakarta, Indonesia, has deteriorated, with the PM2.5 average concentration escalating to 49.4 ?g/m3 in 2019, which is about 66% higher than in 2017 (IQ Air, 2019). This concentration is almost five times as much as the PM2.5 annual mean guideline established by the World Health Organization. Motor vehicles have become the primary source of pollution in DKI Jakarta. In particular, the contribution of motor vehicles to the PM2.5 concentration of DKI Jakarta is approximately 32–57% (Vital Strategies, 2020). This is due to the rapid motorization of DKI Jakarta and its surrounding regions. The number of motor vehicles in DKI Jakarta has continued to surge to 22.8 million units in 2019, which includes 1.6 million and 407,000 additional motorcycles and private cars, respectively, during the last two years (Central Bureau of Statistics, 2020). Even after the enhancement of public transportation, Syafrizal et al. (2016) estimated that the number of motor vehicles operated in DKI Jakarta is still expected to grow by at least 120% between 2011 and 2021.
An intelligent transportation system, which is the
adoption and application of modern information and communications technology, and
the deployment of electric vehicles in the vehicle market are some of the
prospective alternatives for resolving traffic challenges and carbon footprint
problems (Zulkarnain et al., 2012; Leviäkangas,
2013). Moreover, transport policies have become primary strategies for
mitigating climate change impacts (Leviäkangas,
2013). Thus, to accelerate the implementation of air quality control in
DKI Jakarta Province, the government issued the DKI Jakarta Governor’s
Instruction (InGub) No. 66, 2019, regarding air quality control. The DKI
Jakarta government plans to rectify the ambient air quality issue through
various programs and policies that hopefully may control the sources of air
pollution, encourage the public to alter their lifestyle by utilizing public
transportation, and optimize the city’s reforestation efforts.
As part of the instructions, the government
implemented odd-even driving restrictions, a traffic management system enacted
by the government of DKI Jakarta to curtail the travel of passenger cars on
certain roads based on the vehicle license number. The program was first implemented
on August 30, 2016, on nine roads around DKI Jakarta and was expanded to cover
25 roads on September 9, 2019. The restrictions are enforced from Monday to
Friday from 06.00 to 10.00 UTC+07:00 (or Western Indonesia Time—WIB) and from
16.00 to 21.00 WIB. The government believes this action will yield positive
impacts on solving traffic congestion and air pollution problems. Several
studies have implied that transportation demand management (TDM) based on
vehicle operating restrictions has been proven to reduce pollutant emissions by
more than 50% (Bigazzi and Rouleau, 2017).
Although several studies have argued that such a
program can alleviate traffic congestion and air pollution, the real
implementations in some regions show the opposites. Some studies have suggested
positive findings of driving restrictions on improving urban air quality. For
instance, Viard and Fu (2015) evaluated the
one-day-per-week restriction in Beijing, and their findings suggest that the
restriction succeeded in reducing air pollution by 21% after implementation.
Conversely, Ye’s (2017) findings in Lanzhou
suggest that the restriction did not improve air quality and caused the public
to adapt to the restriction by acquiring secondary vehicles.
Odd-even
driving restrictions have been implemented, though on a limited scale, in
cities worldwide, including in China, India, Indonesia, Philippines, and
Central/Latin America (Farda and Balijepalli, 2018).
Specifically in Indonesia, several studies have been conducted regarding the
impacts of DKI Jakarta’s odd-even driving restrictions, albeit mostly on
traffic congestion (Nafila, 2018; Yudhistira et
al., 2019). Limited studies about transport policies’ environmental
impacts have also been conducted, one to evaluate overall low-carbon
transportation policies in Southeast Asia (Bakker
et al., 2017) and the other to specifically assess TDM programs’ impacts
in Bandung, Indonesia (Farda and Balijepalli,
2018). However, a study specifically dedicated to assessing the impacts
of DKI Jakarta’s odd-even driving restrictions on air quality has remained
unavailable until now. Therefore, an empirical study is imperative to confirm
the local government’s claim that the driving restrictions implemented in DKI
Jakarta positively impact urban air quality. This paper aims to estimate the
impact of driving restrictions on several air pollution parameters in DKI
Jakarta, Indonesia.
The
expansion of odd-even driving restrictions in DKI Jakarta has not succeeded in
improving air quality. There was no significant reduction of air pollutants
after the DKI Jakarta government carried out the restrictions. Several factors,
such as the weakness of the restriction mechanism and the compensating public
response, may restrain the impacts of the restriction on reducing DKI Jakarta’s
air pollutant concentrations. However, results from the placebo test may
indicate premature effects of the restrictions during the trial period. The
restriction has not shown a significant impact. Still, by considering the
factors that concealed the actual and potential impact of air pollutant
reduction, the government can evaluate and develop more improvements in the restriction
mechanism or enact more impactful programs to solve the air quality problem in
DKI Jakarta.
This
study serves as the second author’s final thesis, which was conducted to
receive a Bachelor of Engineering (B. Eng) degree from the University of
Indonesia. The authors would like to express appreciation and gratitude to the Directorate
of Research and Development Universitas Indonesia for funding this study
through PUTI Q1 Research Grants Universitas Indonesia No:
NKB-1433/UN2.RST/HKP.05.00/2020. The authors would also like to express
appreciation and gratitude to AirNow, the DKI Jakarta Environmental Agency, and
BMKG for providing such crucial and
valuable data.
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