Effect of Prior Austenite Grain-Size on the Annealing Twin Density and Hardness in the Austenitic Stainless Steel
Corresponding email: siradj@metal.ui.ac.id
Published at : 20 Dec 2021
Volume : IJtech
Vol 12, No 6 (2021)
DOI : https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v12i6.5190
Anwar, M.S., Melinia, R.K., Pradisti, M.G., Siradj, E.S., 2021. Effect of Prior Austenite Grain-Size on the Annealing Twin Density and Hardness in the Austenitic Stainless Steel. International Journal of Technology. Volume 12(6), pp. 1149-1160
| Mochammad Syaiful Anwar | 1. Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia 2. Research Center for Metallurgy and Materials, Indon |
| Rana K. Melinia | Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia |
| Mayang G. Pradisti | Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia |
| Eddy S. Siradj | Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia |
The
present study examined the effect of prior austenite grain size on twin density
and hardness of austenitic stainless steels (ASS). The 253 MA and 316L ASS were
subjected to multi-pass cold rolling to reduce thickness up to 2.3 mm.
Subsequently, the rolled steels were heat treated at 1100°C at 0, 900, 1800,
2700, and 3600 seconds in a tubular furnace in a hydrogen atmosphere. At the
end of the annealing time, the rolled steel was quenched in the cooled zone of
the tubular furnace until it reached room temperature in a hydrogen atmosphere.
Then, microstructure observation of ASS was done to identify the austenitic
grain size and annealing twin, and a hardness test was performed using the
micro-Vickers hardness scale. The line intercept method was used to measure the
changes in 253 MA and 316L austenitic grain sizes. ImageJ software was used to
measure grain size and twin length. The results showed that austenite grains of
both steels grew normally; 253 MA ASS had a lower SFE and K value than 316L
ASS, which indicated that 253 MA ASS had sluggish grain growth, smaller grains,
more easily formed annealing twins, and higher twin density. The Hall–Petch
coefficient, K’, of 253 MA ASS was higher than 316L ASS, which resulted in a
higher hardness value. The Sellars, Pande and Hall-Petch models were shown to
predict austenite grain sizes, twin density, and hardness in 253 MA and 316L
ASS.
253 MA Austenitic Stainless Steel, 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel, Grain Size, Twin Length, micro-Vickers hardness
Austenitic stainless steel (ASS) is generally employed in the construction, energy, and medical industries (Jujur et al., 2015). The thickness of this steel can be easily reduced through a deformation process at room temperature. The degree of ASS thickness reduction after cold rolling (CR) can affect the strength and ductility of the steel due to strain hardening and martensite introduced into the microstructure. However, Xu et al. (2018b) found that the increment of the grain-boundary density in the untransformed austenite structure of 316LN ASS after a high degree of CR also contributed to increased strength and decreased ductility. Subsequent annealing at a specific temperature resulted in the recrystallization of the austenite grains, which nucleated from martensite and untransformed austenite, and the grain growth process. Grain size was shown to increase with higher annealing temperature and longer duration, consequently decreasing the strength and the increasing ductility of the steel (Xu et al., 2018a).
Studies have been performed to impede the grain growth
of steels under annealing. For example, Liu et al.
(2020) found that the precipitation of the M6C pinned in the
grain boundaries resulted in sluggish grain growth at a specific annealing
temperature. Adabavazeh et al. (2017) found
that cerium inclusions in SS400 steels resulted in decreased austenite grain
growth during annealing at higher temperatures. Lee
et al. (2019) discovered that ferritic stainless steels supplemented
with nitrogen at around 200 ppm resulted in minimum grain sizes due to the
higher pinning force of Ti-N in grain boundaries. Wu
et al. (2018) found high concentrations of vanadium in the Nb-free
Cr-Mo-V steels, which caused grain size to decrease. However, abnormal
grain-growth behavior occurred due to V-rich M8C7
particles observed after the quenching process. Contrarily, Cr-Mo-V steels with
the addition of niobium resulted in a precipitate of several small Nb-C
particles, which significantly impacted the grain refinement. Naghizadeh and Mirzadeh (2016) reported that molybdenum
content in ASS steels significantly impeded grain development during annealing
at higher temperatures.
Additionally, annealing twins formed in austenite
grains have been shown to depend on the migration rate of grain boundaries
during recrystallization (Poddara et al., 2019).
The relationship between annealing twins and grain size in austenitic stainless
steels continues to interest researchers due to the presence of various alloy
contents in these steels. Wang et al. (2016)
clarified that the densities of grain boundaries and annealing twins increased
with a small increase in grain sizes, which resulted in decreased shape of the
memory effect in Fe-Mn-Si–based shape-memory alloys. Jin
et al. (2015) found that the number of annealing twin boundaries of Inconel
718 did not increase with an increase in the average grain size. Bozzolo and Bernacki (2020) demonstrated several
differences in twin topologies in microstructure after recrystallization and
annealing. They further reported that the role of twins was not only impactful
in microstructure evolution, but also affected in-service material behaviors. He et al. (2018) found that high purity Al of 25%
reduction has many annealing twins grown in the early stages of
recrystallization and then disappeared during grain growth. Jin et al. (2015) showed that incremental
annealing twin-boundary densities in pure nickel after recrystallization were
affected by prior cold deformation levels and initial grain sizes. Hajizadeh et al. (2014) indicated that that
annealing twin densities appearing in brass microstructures decreased with
increased grain size, as estimated using the model presented by Pande et al. (1990).
The
present research studied the relationship between grain sizes, annealing twins,
and the hardness of austenitic stainless steels after cold rolling and
subsequent annealing with various annealing times. The aim was to clarify the
effect of alloy contents in 253 MA and
316L ASS on changes in grain sizes, annealing twins, and hardness. The
empirical Sellars model was used to predict grain growth. Pande et al.’s model
was used to predict the annealing twin densities, and the Hall–Petch model was
used to predict the hardness of the austenitic stainless steels.
To
study the effect of prior austenite grain size on the annealing twin density
and hardness, cold-rolled 253 MA and 316L ASS were heated at 1100? for various annealing
durations. Experimental results indicated that grain size increased with
increased annealing time. Normal growth occurred in the austenite grain of both
steels. The low SFE and K values in 253 MA ASS resulted in sluggish
grain growth, smaller grains, easier formation of annealing twins, and higher
twin density than in 316L ASS. Higher Hall–Petch coefficients, k’, in
253 MA ASS caused higher shear modulus as well as hardness value than in 316L
ASS. Therefore, the Sellars, Pande, and
Hall–Petch models were shown to predict grain growth, twin density, and
hardness in both 253 MA and 316L ASS.
The
authors would like to express their gratitude to the Ministry of Research and
Technology/National Research and Innovation Agency Indonesia and the Indonesian
Institute of Sciences (LIPI) for financial support for PUTI Doktor 2020 with
contract number NKB-3355/UN2.RST/HKP.05.00/2020, as well as LIPI Research with
contract number SK 197/H/2019. We would also like to thank PT. Cahaya Bina
Baja-Sandvik, who supported the procurement of the stainless steel 253 MA.
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