Design Evaluation Methodology for Ships’ Out?tting Equipment by Applying Multi-criteria Analysis: Proper Choices Analysis of Ballast Water Management Systems

All ocean-going ships must be outfitted with adequate ballast water equipment in compliance with Regulation D-2, Section D, Standards for Ballast Water Management, International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments, promoted by the International Maritime Organization. However, it is difficult to choose the appropriate equipment because the methods used to develop the equipment have similar advantages and disadvantages . Such circumstances make it difficult for two parties who have conflicting priorities, ship designers and ship owners, to choose the most suitable equipment. To address this issue, multi-criteria analysis is effective because it can simultaneously consider several criteria under evaluation as early as possible in the design stage. The aim of this paper is to propose an evaluation methodology for out?tting appropriate ballast water management system (BWMS) equipment by applying multi-criteria analysis combined with the value engineering concept. This combination can directly compare the bene?ts of function and the disbenefits of cost aspects of a particular system. Nine available methods were evaluated before their installation on ocean-going vessels with a carrying capacity of 300,000 deadweight tons (DWT). The results of the analyses show that, from a ship designer’s point of view, the most appropriate method is one that uses ozone; while, from the viewpoint of a ship owner, the most appropriate method is one that uses a combination of a filter and ultraviolet radiation. Ship designers and ship owners have di?erent opinions. A ship designer emphasizes cost reductions and profit maximization. On the other hand, a ship owner prefers to have a ship out?tted with a system that is easy to operate as well as to maintain.

Ballast water management system; Multi-criteria analysis; Ship outfitting; Value engineering

Ship out?tting, which consists of various types of processes, is one of the most important stages in designing and building a vessel. Outfitting requires equipment that must comply with the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments promoted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), which entered into force on September 8, 2017 (IMO, 2004). Ballast water is very important for ensuring the seaworthiness of non-fully-laden vessels (NRC, 1996). When a vessel o?oads its cargo, its ballast tanks are flooded with seawater for stability. The seawater is then discharged at a particular port when the vessel is reloaded with cargo (see Figure 1). However, ballast water also introduces invasive organisms, which are very dangerous to ocean health (La Carbona et al., 2010).

Figure 1 Ballasting proc

 A ballast water treatment system must be selected at an early stage of ship design because it in?uences the layout of the machinery space and increases capital cost. Each treatment method sometimes performs similarly, making it difficult for both ship owners and ship designers to choose the most appropriate equipment. To address this issue, multi-criteria analysis is effective because it can simultaneously consider several qualitative criteria under evaluation as early as possible in the design stage. However, conventional multi-criteria analysis usually ranks criteria without considering the degree of appropriateness of the results. And yet, it is important to consider the degree of appropriateness as doing so yields clear insights that can reduce the gap between the opinions of ship owners and ship designers. Thus, the aim of this paper is to propose an evaluation methodology for out?tting ut appropriate ballast water management equipment by applying multi-criteria analysis combined with a value engineering concept. The value engineering concept will be introduced in the evaluation methodology because it is considered the bene?ts of function aspect and disbenefits of cost aspects The evaluation based on the views of ship owners and ship designers/shipyard was conducted for vessels with a carrying capacity of 300,000 deadweight tons (DWT): very large crude carriers/very large ore carriers. These vessels must comply with Regulation D-2, Annex – Section D, Standards for Ballast Water Management, International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (IMO, 2004).

Table 1 Ballast Water Management System (BWMS) Method

An evaluation methodology for out?tting BWMS equipment by applying a multi-criteria analysis method can be constructed and used to select the most appropriate system among the available methods. Each method has several con?icting aspects regarding function and cost. By applying the value engineering concept, these aspects were evaluated with respect to the bene?ts of function items and the detriments of cost items. The results of the evaluation show the degrees of appropriateness of a particular method. Because the evaluation results from two perspectives, i.e., those of the ship designer and the ship owner, were di?erent, both parties must compromise about which system to install on board an ordered vessel.

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