Multifeedstock Biodiesel Production from a Blend of Five Oils through Transesterification with Variation of Moles Ratio of Oil: Methanol
Corresponding email: hadiyanto@live.undip.ac.id
Published at : 01 Jul 2022
Volume : IJtech
Vol 13, No 3 (2022)
DOI : https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v13i3.4804
Wahyono, Y., Hadiyanto, Budihardjo, M.A., Hariyono, Y., Baihaqi, R.A., 2022. Multifeedstock Biodiesel Production from a Blend of Five Oils through Transesterification with Variation of Moles Ratio of Oil: Methanol. International Journal of Technology. Volume 13(3), pp. 606-618
| Yoyon Wahyono | 1. Doctoral Program of Environmental Science, School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro University, Jl. Imam Bardjo SH, Pleburan, Semarang, Central Java 50241, Indonesia 2. Center of Biomass and Ren |
| Hadiyanto | 1. Doctoral Program of Environmental Science, School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro University, Jl. Imam Bardjo SH, Pleburan, Semarang, Central Java 50241, Indonesia 2. Department of Chemical En |
| Mochamad Arief Budihardjo | Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. Soedharto, SH, Tembalang, Semarang, Central Java 50275, Indonesia |
| Yogi Hariyono | Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. Soedharto, SH, Tembalang, Semarang, Central Java 50275, Indonesia |
| Rifqi Ahmad Baihaqi | Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. Soedharto, SH, Tembalang, Semarang, Central Java 50275, Indonesia |
This
study was conducted to produce biodiesel from a mixture of 5 different oils i.e,
palm oil, used cooking oil, soybean oil, canola oil, and sunflower oil, through
transesterification under mole ratio variations of oil: methanol. The oils were
mixed at a total volume of 300 mL with the same amount of each oil used. The transesterification
of blended oils was conducted at 60°C for 1 h, and the mole ratios of oil: methanol
were set to 1:3, 1:6, 1:9, 1:12, and 1:15. The results demonstrated that the
mole ratios of 1:6 resulted in the highest yield of 92.99% with the conversion
of 99.58% mass. The gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) results showed that all mole variations
had a methyl ester percentage of more than 98% area. The FTIR analysis revealed
peaks that indicated the presence of a methyl ester functional group and its long-chain
(–R) for all variations. The methyl ester content, Density, acid value, and
total glycerol test parameters were in accordance with the quality standards of
ASTM D 6751, EN 14214, and SNI 7182–2015. Therefore, multi-feedstock
biodiesel suitable for industrial-scale applications was successfully produced
in this study.
Biodiesel; Moles; Multifeedstock; Production; Transesterification
The development of renewable energy is supported by the Indonesia government. For instance, biofuel from palm oil is developed in compliance with Government Regulation No. 79,
2014 (Republic of
Indonesia government, 2014), which stipulates that
the national renewable energy consumption must increase to 23% of the total
energy use by 2025. In 2020, the production of biodiesel B30 (30%
biodiesel and 70% diesel) for consumption was initiated. Biodiesel production
that relies on vegetable oil as the sole feedstock is
In
Indonesia, the palm oil industry promotes aggressive deforestation to clear
land for oil palm plantations, leading to shortages
of raw materials (Soraya et al., 2014; Siregar et al., 2015; Wahyono &
Hadiyanto, 2019). Therefore, biodiesel production using raw
materials from a mixture of several vegetable oils and used cooking oil can be valuable for countries such
as Indonesia with an increasing demand for biodiesel (Hadiyanto et al., 2018; Hadiyanto et al., 2020). Biodiesel produced
from multiple raw materials can be called multi-feedstock biodiesel (Flood et al., 2016; Hadiyanto et al., 2020).
Furthermore, raw materials from vegetable oil and used
cooking oil can be a solution to the scarcity of raw materials.
Numerous studies on biodiesel production have
proposed blends of oils, such as on canola oil mixed with cooking oil (Issariyakul et al., 2008); castor
oil mixed with soybean oil (Barbosa et
al., 2010); soybean oil mixed with rapeseed oil (Qiu et al., 2011);
soybean mixed with tallow and canola (Flood et al., 2016); non-edible oils mixed with castor seed oil and waste fish oil (Fadhil et al., 2017a); Calophyllum inophyllum mixed with Jatropha curcas and Pongamia pinnata (Miraculas et al., 2018); waste cooking oil mixed with castor oil (Hadiyanto et al., 2018); and Calophyllum inophyllum
oil mixed with castor oil, palm oil, and waste cooking oil (Hadiyanto et
al., 2020). These studies have high success rates in producing multi-feedstock biodiesel with methyl
ester contents higher than 80% mass. However, further studies should be
performed on multi-feedstock biodiesel production (Flood et al., 2016; Hadiyanto et al., 2018; Hadiyanto et al., 2020). Research on a mixture of palm oil, used cooking oil,
soybean oil, canola oil, and sunflower oil has yet to be conducted. Palm oil (Saksono et al., 2019), used cooking oil (Yusuff et
al., 2018; Ani et al., 2018), soybean oil (Qiu et al., 2011),
canola oil (Flood et al., 2016), and
sunflower oil (Salmasi et al., 2020) contain
triglyceride compounds that can be reacted with methanol to produce methyl
ester (biodiesel) and glycerol.
High free fatty
acids (FFA) and water content in used cooking oils (UCO) cannot be directly
transesterified using an alkaline catalyst, which gives low yield and low
quality of biodiesel. This is because the side saponification reaction consumes
catalyst and generates soap which causes problems in producing high-quality
biodiesel. Transesterification of used cooking oils with an alkaline catalyst
can be done only when the FFA and water content have been removed through
different pre-treatment processes (Canakci & Gerpen, 2001; Cvengros & Cvengrosova, 2004). Alternatively, the acid catalyst can be
used instead to prevent the emergence of this saponification (Obibuzor et
al., 2008). However, this
approach requires a longer reaction time, a higher operating temperature, and
an acid-resistible reactor. It is obvious that the exploitation of used cooking
oils requires more sophisticated technology and a more complicated process,
which increases the cost of the biodiesel production process (Issariyakul et al., 2008). A mixture of five raw materials, including four fresh
vegetable oil and one used cooking oil, provides benefits. Adding fresh
vegetable oil to used cooking oil would improve the yield and quality of
biodiesel produced from direct alkali-catalyzed transesterification (Issariyakul et al., 2008). This study could provide an alternative means to make
use of UCO for a low-cost biodiesel production process.
This study successfully produced multi-feedstock biodiesel
from a mixture of five oils suitable for industrial-scale applications. All the
testing parameters of methyl ester content, Density, acid value, and total
glycerol in the multi-feedstock biodiesel met the quality standards of ASTM D
6751, EN 14214, and SNI 7182-2015. The multi-feedstock
biodiesel of all the moles of methanol variations contained >98% mass of
methyl ester. This study also found that 3 moles of methanol per mole of oil could
be used to produce multi-feedstock biodiesel with a methyl ester content of
99.12% mass and 81.96% yield at a 1:3 ratio. Similarly, 6 moles of methanol per
mole of oil could be utilized to obtain multi-feedstock biodiesel with a methyl
ester content of 99.58% mass and 92.99% yield at a 1:6 ratio. Multifeedstock
biodiesel at 1:3 and 1:6 could be an alternative that should be considered to
reduce methanol use for industrial-scale biodiesel production. The ratio of 1:6
corresponded to the highest yield. GCMS results demonstrated that all mole
variations had methyl ester percentages that exceeded 98% area. The methyl
ester with the highest percentage in multifeedstock biodiesel was 9,12-octadecadienoic
acid (Z,Z)-methyl ester. FTIR results revealed peaks that indicated the
presence of a methyl ester functional group and its long-chain (–R). Therefore, this study produced multi-feedstock biodiesel that showed
potential for industrial-scale applications. Future works should be done on the
kinetics of the multi-feedstock biodiesel production. Actually, each oil has a different
reaction time, and therefore the yield and conversion of biodiesel will be
determined by each reaction of the oil. By evaluating each kinetic of oil, we
will be able to decide on which oil is the most determinant in the process. Moreover,
the stability of biodiesel will be affected by the storage period. Therefore,
the stability test is also crucial for future studies.
The authors would like to express their
appreciation for the support in funding from the Ministry of Research and
Technology/National Research and Innovation Agency of the Republic of Indonesia
(RISTEK/BRIN) and the Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of
Indonesia (KEMDIKBUD) through the Master’s Education toward Doctorate for
Excellent Bachelor (PMDSU) program 2020 (Grant no. 647-01/UN7.6.1/PP/2020).
This research was conducted and generously supported by the Center of Biomass
and Renewable Energy (C-BIORE) research group of Diponegoro University.
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