The Potential of Landfill Mining in Two Inactive Zones of the Bantar Gebang Landfill in Jakarta, Indonesia
Corresponding email: g.andari.kristanto@gmail.com
Published at : 17 Dec 2020
Volume : IJtech
Vol 11, No 7 (2020)
DOI : https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v11i7.4571
Kristanto, G.A., Jansen, A., Koven, W., 2020. The Potential of Landfill Mining in Two Inactive Zones of the Bantar Gebang Landfill in Jakarta, Indonesia. International Journal of Technology. Volume 11(7), pp. 1430-1441
| Gabriel Andari Kristanto | Environmental Engineering Study Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia |
| Aldi Jansen | Environmental Engineering Study Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia |
| William Koven | Environmental Engineering Study Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia |
Waste
management in Jakarta is currently faced with a shortage of landfill space, and
landfill mining could be a solution to this problem. The waste excavated from
landfills can be utilized as compost, soil amendment, or RDF (refuse-derived
fuel). This study aims to analyze the potential for landfill mining materials
from two inactive zones of Jakarta's largest landfill, Bantar Gebang, and using
those materials as compost and RDF. It was found that the material excavated
from this landfill was dominated by soil-like materials (33–35%) and plastic
(26–31%). The soil-like material had a 47–51% water content and a 4.42–6.23 C/N
ratio, and it did not meet Indonesia's national standard for compost. The
materials for RDF had 13–15 MJ/kg calorific values, 48–50% water and 24–27% ash
contents, and a possibility of high chlorine emission. No RDF standard is
currently available in Indonesia, but the materials did not meet the European
standard. It is suggested that soil-like materials be used for soil amendment
instead of compost; plastic waste and other combustible materials should be
separated and dried to fulfill the RDF standard.
Bantar Gebang; Indonesia; Landfill mining; Waste, Refuse-derived fuel
Indonesia is the fourth most populous country globally, and the
population is concentrated in its capital, Jakarta. The city is home to around
10 million people and is a working hub for other big cities close to Jakarta.
Jakarta's waste generation can reach approximately 8,000 tons per day, and more
than 50% of this is organic waste (BPS, 2005; BPS,
2017). Despite the massive generation of waste and lack of source
separation, the Jakarta waste management system relies heavily on landfills.
When solid waste is disposed of in landfills, aerobic
decomposition initially occurs. With compaction and the application of a daily
cover, the waste begins to undergo anaerobic decomposition. Due to the lack of
oxygen, microorganisms use nitrate and sulfate as electron acceptors. In the
acid (hydrolysis) phase, macromolecule hydrolysis, such as that of cellulose
and protein, enhances organic acid production and decreases pH levels. Hydrogen
gas is also generated as the degradation of butyric and propionic acids
proceeds. In the methanogenic phase, the methanogenic microorganism consumes
organic acid and hydrogen gas to generate methane (Themelis
and Uloa, 2007; Townsend et al., 2015).
Chen et al. (2020) conducted a study on the
stabilization behavior of MSW (Municipal
For HFWC, the rapid degradation stage of MSW occurs in the first
three years after the waste is deposited in landfills: about 80% of the solid
waste degrades, 60% of the landfill gas (LFG) is generated, and 80% of the
compression takes place. Subsequently, a slow degradation stage will occur for
the next 20 to 30 years, with around 90% of the solid mass degrading, 80% of
the LFG being generated, and 90% of waste stabilization being completed.
Finally, the process concludes with post-stabilization, where the solid waste
is completely degraded, while LFG generation and waste settlement are
negligible (Chen et al., 2020).
Several studies have been conducted on Jakarta's
solid waste potential to be used as renewable energy, and landfill mining could
be the best solution for waste management problems in Jakarta (Adiandri and Kristanto, 2019; Kristanto and Rachmansyah,
2020). Landfill mining describes the process of excavating previously
landfilled waste. The benefits of landfill mining include removing the source
of groundwater pollution and valorizing landfill material as RDF
(refuse-derived fuel), compost, or daily landfill cover (Prechthai et al., 2008; Jain et
al., 2013; Townsend et al., 2015). As
the material is reused, the area will be available for new fresh waste and,
therefore, the landfill’s life will be extended. In addition, the cost of
landfill post-closure could be avoided.
Many landfill reclamation projects have been conducted in the
United States (US), such as those in Naples, Florida; Edinburg, New York; Frey
Farm, Pennsylvania; Wyandot County, Ohio; Shawano County, Wisconsin; Clovis,
California; Pheonix Rio Salado, Arizona; the central disposal system in Iowa;
and many others (Townsend et al., 2015).
Although landfill reclamation is an old concept in the US, it is very new in
Indonesia. This study represents the first study on landfill mining published
in Indonesia; hence, it can serve as an example for future research and a model
for similar research on landfill mining in Indonesia.
From the point of view of regulations, the Ministry of Public Work
in the Republic of Indonesia (MoPW) sets the criteria for landfill mining, and
at least one of the criteria must be met before landfill mining can be
conducted. Among the criteria are that: (1) the landfill has an impact on the
environment; (2) the government cannot find other appropriate areas for
landfills; and (3) the landfill handles non-hazardous waste (Indonesia Ministry of Public Works, 2013). The
Bantar Gebang landfill certainly met some criteria, as indicated by its
groundwater pollution, and the Jakarta Government has not found other areas for
landfills yet (Indiyati et al., 2019). Furthermore, the regulation
mentions that the soil-like material from landfill mining can be utilized in
daily landfill cover, biofilters for leachate treatment, and compost for
non-edible crops. At the same time, non-organic material can be used for energy
recovery. The remaining unused material can be sent back to the landfill (Indonesia Ministry of Public Works, 2013).
This study aims to identify the potential for the landfilled waste
in two inactive zones of the Bantar Gebang landfill to be utilized as RDF,
compost, soil amendment, or daily landfill cover in concordance with the needs
of Jakarta and regulations set by the Indonesia Ministry of Public Works. This
study will compare the testing parameters of excavated landfill material with
the Indonesian national standard (SNI) and the international standard (European Commission-Directorate General Environment, 2003) for safe and suitable material
utilization. Moreover, some previous studies will be highlighted for comparison
and point out the research that could be further conducted to support landfill
mining studies and projects in Indonesia.
Landfill mining could be a solution to the problems that are currently faced by the Bantar Gebang landfill, such as the lack of landfill area in
the vicinity of Jakarta and the groundwater pollution in the region. Moreover, landfill mining creates some added value by
recovering excavated landfill materials, such as compost, daily landfill
cover, and RDF.
The landfill material mined was dominated by soil-like material
(33.15–35.54%) and plastic (26.214–30.12%). The soil-like material was stable
but did not meet the basic standard for compost in Indonesia. A solution to this problem is to mix the soil-like
material with other materials with a high potential for compost, such as
organic waste from fresh MSW. The compost produced will only be suitable
for non-edible crops.
The landfill material mined was also not
suitable for RDF utilization since it has a low calorific value (maximum 15.14
MJ/kg), high water content (48–50%), high ash content (24–27%), and a potential
for high HCl emission. It is
recommended that the materials
suitable for RDF
(such as plastic, wood, textile, and paper) should be
separated and dried up since these materials have high
water content (50–65%). Bulking agents or green waste can be added to reduce
the ash content and chlorine content. It is suggested that soil-like
materials be
used for soil amendment instead of compost,
while plastic wastes and other combustible materials should be
separated and dried to fulfill the RDF standard.
This research was supported by Universitas
Indonesia Grant No. 1953/UN2.R3.1/HKP.05.00/2019. The authors would like to
thank anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments, which significantly improved
the final version of this paper.
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