Using Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction to Produce a Bioinsecticide from Cigarette Butt Waste and Green Solvent to Control Armyworm Infestation
Corresponding email: faradilla.andiani@ui.ac.id
Published at : 17 Dec 2020
Volume : IJtech
Vol 11, No 7 (2020)
DOI : https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v11i7.4474
Pratiwi, F.A., Utami, T.S., Arbianti, R. 2020., Using Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction to Produce a Bioinsecticide from Cigarette Butt Waste and Green Solvent to Control Armyworm Infestation. International Journal of Technology. Volume 11(7), pp. 1329-1336
| Faradilla Andiani Pratiwi | Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia |
| Tania Surya Utami | Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia |
| Rita Arbianti | Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia |
Indonesia
has one of the highest rates of cigarette consumption in the world, and it has been
estimated that up to 75% of cigarette butts end up in nature, where they damage
the environment. Since 2019, a new species of armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda
or the fall armyworm) has been attacking maize plants in Indonesia. Therefore,
it is proposed to use cigarette butts in the production of a bioinsecticide to
control this armyworm. Tobacco, the main ingredient in cigarettes, contains
various compounds that can be used as insecticides. These compounds can be
extracted using an ultrasonic-assisted extraction method and a variety of
solvents, namely, aquadest, 96% ethanol, and NADES as green solvent. The
highest extract yield was 27.2±2.0% and the highest mortality rate for the fall
armyworm occurred with 96% ethanol extract. The 16-Hentriacontanone compound
with the highest peak area of 22.67% was obtained using a gas chromatography
mass spectrometry (GC/MS) instrument. All compounds obtained from the GC/MS
instrument were simulated with molecular docking to the acetylcholinesterase
receptor. The highest docking score was -10.3 kcal/mol for
2,3-Dimethyl-5,6-diphenyl-1,7-dihydrodipyrrolo pyridine and 16-Hentriacontanone,
which had a 100% similarity of interactions with the control ligand.
Bioinsecticides; Cigarette butt waste; Green solvent; Spodoptera frugiperda; Ultrasonic assisted extraction
It has been estimated
that up to 75% of cigarette butts end up in nature (Cigarette
Litter Organization, 2001). One way to reduce the
waste from cigarette butts is to convert them into bioinsecticides. The main
ingredient of cigarettes, tobacco leaves, contain various compounds that have
the potential to be used as insecticides. These compounds include alkaloids,
flavonoids, fatty acids, and essential oils (Khalalia,
2016; Kirkova et al, 2016). The advantages of biopesticides are that
they are easily degraded, have no long-term residue, are fast acting, and have
low mammalian toxicity and low phytotoxicity (Haryuni
et al., 2019).
The targeted pest for this bioinsecticide from
cigarette butts is the fall armyworm. The loss of harvest from an attack by the
Spodoptera litura armyworm can reach 80% if the species is not
controlled (Marwoto and Suharsono, 2008).
Larvae damage crops by biting, chewing, and
then eating the
lower surface of the leaves. The leaves become transparent
Ultrasonic-assisted
extraction (UAE) is a fast method for extracting organic compounds (Sholihah et al., 2017). The increased yield from
UAE comes from cavitation, which facilitates the disruption of the cell wall by
the ultrasound waves (Dianursanti et al., 2020).
The
solvent used with the extracted tobacco compounds was a green solvent, namely
NADES, 96% ethanol and aquadest.
The extracts from the cigarette butts
were identified using a gas chromatography mass
spectrometry (GC/MS) instrument. Then, those compounds were simulated with
molecular docking using the compounds that are abundant in cigarette butt
bioinsecticide.
There has not been much research on the production of
bioinsecticides using tobacco from cigarette butts. However, previous studies
have proven the effectiveness of tobacco extract as an anti-pest
bioinsecticide. One study proved that extract from the leaves of Nicotiana
tabacum L., var. Virginia was effective in eradicating imago Gryllus bimaculatus
and larvae of Galleria mellonella with LC50 values of 38.5
mg/mL and 36.6 mg/mL, respectively (Andjani et al., 2019). However, previous studies on waste from cigarette
butts have not varied in the extraction method and type of solvent used to
extract the desired compounds in cigarette butts.
This study was conducted to study the
effect of solvent types on the yield amount of the crude extract of cigarette
butts, to assess the effect of solvent types on the mortality rate of
armyworms, to identify the content of compounds contained in the crude extract
of cigarette butts by GC/MS analysis, and to identify the docking results of
major compounds according to the results of GC/MS analysis with the pest
receptor target.
The results of the present
study show that different solvents vary the yield of the cigarette butt
extract. Moreover, the mortality rates of the armyworms showed that the
compounds in the cigarette butts were effective at killing the armyworms.
Ethanol 96% solvent was the most effective in dissolving the cigarette butt
bioinsecticides because it produced the highest extract yield with an average
of 27.2±2.0%. Cigarette butt bioinsecticide with 96% ethanol solvent was the
most effective because it had the highest mortality rate for the fall armyworm
with 60% mortality by the fourth day. The by GC/MS instrument identified
several compounds in cigarette butt bioinsecticide. Moreover, the bonding of
important residues of acetylcholinesterase receptors by the cigarette butt
bioinsecticide compounds indicates the inhibitory activity of
acetylcholinesterase inhibitors that can kill the fall armyworms. For further
studies, the following activities are recommended: look for an effective method
for drying NADES solvent to obtain crude extract then calculating the yield,
use another type of mixture to make NADES solvent, vary the conditions of the
extraction operation, vary the concentrations of bioinsecticide to determine
the most effective dose for killing armyworms, and analyze the extract with 96%
ethanol and NADES solvents using GC/MS.
Authors
are grateful for the financial support from Publikasi Terindeks Internasional
(PUTI) Prosiding 2020 Nomor: NKB-1151/UN2.RST/HKP.05.00/2020 and for the
research facilities provided by Universitas Indonesia and Bogor Agricultural
University.
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