Sound Wave Exposure as a Strategy for Improving the Tubular Photobioreactor for Cultivating Synechococcus HS-9 as Biofuel Feedstock under Different Photoperiods
Corresponding email: nining@sci.ui.ac.id
Published at : 17 Dec 2020
Volume : IJtech
Vol 11, No 7 (2020)
DOI : https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v11i7.4459
Santoso, Y.A., Tambunan, R.M.N., Soekirno, S., Nasruddin, ., Prihantini, N.B., 2020. Sound Wave Exposure as a Strategy for Improving the Tubular Photobioreactor for Cultivating Synechococcus HS-9 as Biofuel Feedstock under Different Photoperiods. International Journal of Technology. Volume 11(7), pp. 1406-1413
| Yosua Adi Santoso | Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia |
| Rubiantin Mesha Nauli Tambunan | Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia |
| Santoso Soekirno | Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia |
| Nasruddin | Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia |
| Nining Betawati Prihantini | Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia |
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sound
wave exposure in different photoperiods on Synechococcus
HS-9 cell density and lipid content using tubular photobioreactors (PBRs). In
this study, nine PBRs were used: three PBRs were exposed to a sine wave of
279.9 Hz for three hours during the day (A), three PBRs were exposed to a sine
wave of 279.9 Hz for three hours during the night (B), and three PBRs remained
unexposed to any sound wave to serve as a control (K). All PBRs were studied
for 18 days. The results showed that the highest average cell densities of Synechococcus HS-9 in PBR A, B, and K
respectively were 8.883×105 cells/mL, 7.242×105 cells/mL,
and 6.175×105 cells/mL. The highest lipid percentage, which was 17%,
was observed in PBR A; the percentage in PBR B was 16%, and in PBR K, 7%. However,
Synechococcus HS-9 in PBR B showed a higher growth rate compared to PBR
A and PBR K. Sound waves could have increased cell activity and metabolism
which led to the increase in cell densities and lipid percentages in Synechococcus
HS-9. The photoperiodic differences might have resulted in a lower
photosynthetic rate and cell metabolism, but the sound wave could have helped
promote the growth of Synechococcus HS-9 despite the lower photosynthetic
rate.
Audible sound; Biomass; Photobioreactor; Photoperiodism; Synechococcus
The dependency on fossil fuels as the main energy
source has caused a depletion of fossil fuel reserves (Sukarni et al., 2019) and
severe environmental pollution that affects many ecosystems. The development of
sustainable and environmentally friendly fuels is needed in order to maintain
the balance of the ecosystem and preserve fossil fuels (Machado and Atsumi, 2012).
There are some sources of biofuel feedstock, such as food crops (e.g., corn,
jatropha, and coconut) and microalgae (Chisti, 2007). Microalgae fixate CO2 from the
environment directly through photosynthesis, during which the CO2 is
converted to several biomolecules such as lipids. The aforementioned features
of microalgae show that microalgae
have the potential
to serve as
biofuel feedstocks and bioremediation agents.
Cyanobacteria are one group of microalgae that have been
considered to be biofuel feedstocks. Cyanobacteria have high growth rates, can easily
be genetically manipulated, and do not need to be grown on large and arable plots
of land, thus reducing the competition with food crops for growth area (Nozzi et al.,
2013; Sarsekeyeva et al., 2015; Farrokh et al., 2019). Synechococcus is one genus of
cyanobacteria that has been researched for its capability to produce several
bioethanol and lipid products that could be synthesized as biofuel (Mashayekhi et al.,
2017). Synechococcus could be found in various habitats including
hot springs. In this study, we use Synechococcus
(labeled as Synechococcus HS-9) that was isolated from the Rawa Danau
hot spring in Banten, Indonesia (Prihantini, 2015). Synechococcus HS-9 has been studied for
its biofuel compounds, such as fatty acids (Prihantini et al., 2018).
Andersen, R.A., 2005. Algal
Culturing Techniques. 1st Edition. London, England: Elsevier
Academic Press
Bligh, E.G., Dyer, W.J., 1959. A Rapid Method of Total Lipid Extraction
and Purification. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology, Volume
37, pp. 911–917
Cercado, A.P.I., Ballesteros Jr, F.C., Capareda, S.C., 2018. Biodiesel
from Three Microalgae Transesterification Processes using Different Homogenous
Catalysts. International Journal of Technology, Volume 9(4) pp. 645–651
Checchetto, V., Segalla, A., Allorent, G., Rocca, N.L., Leanza, L.,
Giacometti, G.M., Uozumi, N., Finazzi, G., Bergantino, E., Szabò, I., 2012.
Thylakoid Potassium Channel is Required for Efficient Photosynthesis in
Cyanobacteria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (PNAS), Volume
109 (27) pp. 11043–11048
Chisti, Y., 2007. Biodiesel from Microalgae. Biotechnology Advances,
Volume 25(3), pp. 294–306
Christwardana, M., Hadiyanto, H., 2017. The Effect of Audible Sound for
Enhancing Growth Rate of Microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis in Vegetative Stage. HAYATI
Journal of Biosciences, Volume 24(3), pp. 149–155
Farrokh, P., Sheikhpour, M., Kasaeian, A., Asadi, H., Bavandi, R., 2019.
Cyanobacteria as an Eco-Friendly Resource for Biofuel Production: A Critical
Review. Biotechnology Progress, Volume 35(5), pp. 1–16
Hood, R.D., Higgins, S.A., Flamholz, A., Nichols, R.J., Savage, D.F.,
2015. The Stringent Response Regulate Adaptation to Darkness in the
Cyanobacterium Synechococcus Elongatus.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (PNAS), Volume 103(33),
pp. 4867–4876
Jiang, S.-R., Rao, H.-J., Chen, Z.-J., 2012. Effects of Sonic Waves at
Different Frequencies on Propagation of Chlorella Pyrenoidosa. Agricultural Science & Technology –
Hunan, Volume 13(10), pp. 2197–2201
Johnson, T.J., Katuwal, S., Anderson, G.A., Gu, L., Zhou, R., Gibbons, W.R.,
2018. Photobioreactor Cultivation Strategies for Microalgae and Cyanobacteria. Biotechnology
Progress, Volume 34(4), pp. 811–827
Klepacz-Smó?ka, A., Pietrzyk, D., Szelag, R., Gluscz, P., Daroch, M., Tang,
J., Ledakowicz, S., 2020. Effect of Light Colour and Photoperiod on Biomass
Growth and Phycocyanin Production by Synechococcus
PCC 6715. Bioresource Technology, Volume 313, pp. 1–6
Machado, I.M.P., Atsumi, S., 2012. Cyanobacterial Biofuel Production. Journal
of Biotechnology, Volume 162(1), pp. 50–56
Mashayekhi, M., Sarrafzadeh, M.H., Tavakoli, O., Soltani, N., Faramarzi,
M.A., 2017. Potential of Biofuel Production and Carbon Capturing from
Synechococcus Elongatus: An Isolation and Evaluation Study. Biocatalysis and
Agricultural Biotechnology, Volume 9, pp. 230–235
Mishra, R.C., Ghosh, R., Bae, H., 2016. Plant Acoustics: In the Search of
a Sound Mechanism for Sound Signaling in Plants. Journal of Experimental
Botany, Volume 67(15), pp. 4483–4494
NIES (National Institute for Environmental Studies), 2001. Media for
Freshwater, Terrestrial, Hot Spring, and Saltwater Algae: CT. Available Online
at https://mcc.nies.go.jp/medium/en/ct.pdf, Accessed on November 25, 2020
Nozzi, N.E., Oliver, J.W.K., Atsumi, S., 2013. Cyanobacteria as Platform
for Biofuel Production. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Volume
1, pp. 1–6
Prihantini, N.B., 2015. Polyphasic
Taxonomy of Culturable Cyanobacteria Isolated from Hot Springs in West Java,
Indonesia. Doctoral’s Dissertation, Doctoral Program, Universitas Indonesia,
Depok, Indonesia
Prihantini, N.B., Handayani, S., Sjamsuridzal, W., Yokota, A.,
Nasruddin., 2018. Fatty Acid Characterization of Indigenous Cyanobacterial Strains Isolated from
Five Hot Springs in Indonesia. E3S Web of Conferences, Volume 67, pp. 1–7
Rizaldi, M.I., Rahman, A., Deendarlianto, Prihantini, N.B., Nasruddin.,
2019. Generation of Microbubbles through Single Loop and Double Loop Fluid
Oscillator for Photobioreactor Aeration. International Journal of Technology,
Volume 10(7), pp. 1446–1452
Sarsekeyeva, F., Zayadan, B.Z., Usserbaeva, A., Bedbenov, V.S., Sinetova,
M.A., Los, D.A., 2015. Cyanofuels: Biofuels from Cyanobacteria. Reality and
perspectives. Photosynthesis Research, Volume 125(1-2), pp. 329–340
Santoso, Y.A., Tambunan, R.M N., Soekirno, S., Nasruddin., Prihantini, N.B.,
2020. Cultivation of Synechococcus HS-9 (Cyanobacteria) Isolated from Rawa
Danau Banten Hot Spring using Audible Sound (Music) as a Strategy for Improving
Photobioreactor. In: AIP Conference Proceedings, 4th
International Tropical Renewable Energy Conference, i-TREC 2019, Bali, 14-16
August 2019, Indonesia
Serway, R.A., Jewett, J.W., 2014. Physics: for Scientists &
Engineers with Modern Physics. 9th edition. USA: Cengage
Learning
Sukarni, S., Sumarli, S., Nauri, I.M., Prasetiyo, A., Puspitasari, P.,
2019. Thermogravimetric Analysis on Combustion Behavior of Marine Microalgae Spirulina
platensis Induced by MgCO3 and Al2O3
Additives. International Journal of Technology, Volume 10(6), pp.
1174–1183
Wang, Q., Yang, S., Wan, S., Li, X., 2019. The
Significance of Calcium in Photosynthesis. International Journal of
Molecular Sciences, Volume 20(6), pp. 1–14