Published at : 01 Apr 2022
Volume : IJtech
Vol 13, No 2 (2022)
DOI : https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v13i2.4449
Lailatul Qadariyah | Chemical Engineering Department, Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering Faculty, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Jl. Teknik Kimia, Keputih, Sukolilo District, Surabaya, 60111, East Java, I |
Sahiba Sahila | Chemical Engineering Department, Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering Faculty, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Jl. Teknik Kimia, Keputih, Sukolilo District, Surabaya, 60111, East Java, I |
Christiyani Sirait | Chemical Engineering Department, Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering Faculty, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Jl. Teknik Kimia, Keputih, Sukolilo District, Surabaya, 60111, East Java, I |
Christopher P.E. Purba | Chemical Engineering Department, Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering Faculty, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Jl. Teknik Kimia, Keputih, Sukolilo District, Surabaya, 60111, East Java, I |
Donny Satria Bhuana | Chemical Engineering Department, Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering Faculty, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Jl. Teknik Kimia, Keputih, Sukolilo District, Surabaya, 60111, East Java, I |
Mahfud Mahfud | Chemical Engineering Department, Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering Faculty, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Jl. Teknik Kimia, Keputih, Sukolilo District, Surabaya, 60111, East Java, I |
As a surfactant, methyl
ester sulfonate (MES) can be produced from virgin coconut oil (VCO) raw
materials through the following stages: transesterification, sulfonation, and
purification. The transesterification process was carried out to produce methyl
esters by reacting VCO with methanol in a mole ratio of 1:41 using a 1% KOH
catalyst at a microwave power of 300 W for 60 min. The effects of microwave
power and mole ratios between methyl esters and sodium bisulfite in the sulfonation
process were investigated. The sulfonation process was carried out using a 1%
aluminum oxide catalyst. The purification process was carried out by reacting
MES with 35% v/v methanol at 150 W of microwave power for 10 min. The resulting
MES was analyzed using gas chromatography and Fourier transform-infrared
(FT-IR) spectroscopy. The optimum conditions for surfactant production included
a microwave power of 450 W and reactant mole ratio of 1:1, which resulted in a
surface tension of 37.9 dyne/cm, pH of 4.21, density of 0.87 g/mL, and viscosity of 3.33 cSt. Based on the FT-IR analysis, the
vibrational strain of the sulfonate group was detected at a peak value of
1014.42 for symmetrical S-O and 722.24 cm-1 for
asymmetrical S-O.
Methyl ester sulfonate; Microwave; Sulfonation; Transesterification; Virgin Coconut Oil
In this study, an MES
surfactant was successfully developed from VCO using the Al2O3
catalyst through the sulfonation process using microwave radiation, which could
reduce the sulfonation time. The MES production was affected by the reactant
mole ratio and microwave power, where the optimum conditions included a
reactant mole ratio of 1:1 and 450 W of microwave power with a viscosity of
3.33 cSt, density of 0.87 gr/cm, surface tension of 37.9 dyne/cm, and pH of
4.21. In addition, the results of the FT-IR analysis suggested that a sulfonate
group was present in the sample at the absorption peak of ? = 1020–690 cm-1. Moreover, in the last three years, 3050 papers have discussed this surfactant.
This is due to the demerits of synthetic surfactants and the tendency of people
to prioritize natural ingredients. Therefore, multidisciplinary research
related to MES development is required to review the cost aspect so that a
simpler method with a lower cost can be developed. In addition, it is necessary
to further review the critical micelle concentration and hydrophilic–lipophilic
balance to measure the strength balance of the hydrophilic and lipophilic
groups of the surfactants formed. As a renewable and environmentally friendly
bio-based anionic surfactant, substantial ongoing efforts are expected in the
next few years to build green products and reduce the use of synthetic
surfactants.
This study has been
thoroughly supported by the research funds from Institut Teknologi Sepuluh
Nopember under the project scheme of the Publication Writing and IPR Incentive
Program (PPHKI) No. T/2029/IT2/HK.00.01/2021.
The authors thank all individuals associated with this research work,
especially the Chemical Process Laboratory Crew of the Chemical Engineering
Department of Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.
Adiwibowo,
M.T., Slamet, I.M., 2018. Synthesis Of ZnO Nanoparticles and Their Nanofluid
Stability in the Presence of a Palm Oil-Based Primary Alkyl Sulphate Surfactant
for Detergent Application. International Journal of Technology, Volume 9(2),
pp. 307–316
Alwadani, N., Fatehi, P., 2018. Synthetic and
Lignin-based Surfactants: Challenges and Opportunities. Carbon Resources
Conversion, Volume 1(2), pp. 126–138
Hariani, P.L., Riyanti, F., Fadilah, A., 2016. The
Influence of Time Reaction to Characteristic of Methyl Ester Sulfonate from
Seed Oil Ketapang. Indonesian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Chemistry,
Volume 1(1), pp. 14–18
Hill, K., 2001. Fats and Oils as Oleochemical Raw
Materials. Journal of Oleo Science, Volume 50(5), pp. 433–444
Huang, D., Xu, H., Jacob, B., Ma, R., Yuan, S., Zhang,
L., Mannan, M.S., Cheng, Z., 2020. Microwave-assisted Preparation of
Two-dimensional Amphiphilic Nanoplate Herding Surfactants for Offshore Oil
Spill Treatment. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries,
Volume 66(June), 104213
I, S.A., Razmah, G., Zulina, M.A., 2016.
Biodegradation of Various Homologues of Palm-based Methyl Ester Sulphonates
(MES). Sains Malaysiana, Volume 45(6), pp. 949–954
Irawan, Y., Juliana, I., Adilina, I.B., Alli, Y.F.,
2017. Aqueous Stability Studies of Polyethylene Glycol and Oleic Acid-Based
Anionic Surfactants for Application in Enhanced Oil Recovery through Dynamic
Light Scattering. International Journal of Technology, Volume 8(8), pp.
1414–1421
Jin, Y., Tian, S., Guo, J., Ren, X., Li, X., Gao, S.,
2016. Synthesis, Characterization and Exploratory Application of Anionic
Surfactant Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Sulfonate from Waste Cooking Oil. Journal
of Surfactants and Detergents, Volume 19(3), pp. 467–475
Khoshsima, A., Dehghani, M.R., 2016. Phase Behavior of
Glycol Ether Surfactant Systems in the Presence of Brine and Hydrocarbon:
Experiment and Modeling. Fluid Phase Equilibria, Volume 414, pp. 101–110
Kumar, S., Shamsuddin, M.R., Farabi, M.S.A., Saiman,
M.I., Zainal, Z., Taufiq-Yap, Y.H., 2020. Production of Methyl Esters from
Waste Cooking Oil and Chicken Fat Oil via Simultaneous Esterification and
Transesterification using Acid Catalyst. Energy Conversion and Management,
Volume 226, pp. 113366
Motasemi, F., Ani, F.N., 2012. A Review on
Microwave-Assisted Production of Biodiesel. Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews, Volume 16(7), pp. 4719–4733
Mulligan, C.N., 2009. Recent Advances in the
Environmental Applications of Biosurfactants. Current Opinion in Colloid and
Interface Science, Volume 14(5), pp. 372–378
Muntaha, S.T., Khan, M.N., 2015. Natural Surfactant
Extracted from Sapindus Mukurossi as an Eco-Friendly Alternate to Synthetic
Surfactant - A Dye Surfactant Interaction Study. Journal of Cleaner
Production, Volume 93, pp. 145–150
Ning, Y., Niu, S., 2017. Preparation and Catalytic
Performance in Esterification of a Bamboo-based Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst
with Microwave Assistance. Energy Conversion and Management, Volume 153,
pp. 446–454
Oo, Y.M., Prateepchaikul, G., Somnuk, K., 2021.
Two-stage Continuous Production Process for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester from High
FFA Crude Palm Oil using Rotor-stator Hydrocavitation. Ultrasonics
Sonochemistry, Volume 73, pp. 105529
Panda, A., Kumar, A., Mishra, S., Mohapatra, S.S.,
2020. Soapnut: A Replacement of Synthetic Surfactant for Cosmetic and
Biomedical Applications. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, Volume 17, p.
100297
Qadariyah, L., 2021. The Effect of Reaction Time and
Temperature on the Synthesis of Methyl Ester Sulfonate Surfactant from Palm Oil
as a Feedstock using Microwave-Assisted Heating. ASEAN Journal of Chemical
Engineering, Volume 21(1), pp. 104–112
Rozaini, M.Z.H., Ali, R.C., Ros, L.C., 2012. Normal
Micellar Value Determination in Singular and Mixed. International Journal of
Technology, Volume 3(2), pp. 103–109
Sari, M., 2018. The Utilization of VCO (Virgin Coconut
Oil) in Manufacturing of Solid Soap with Red Betel Leaf Extract Addition (Paper
Crotum Ruiz &pav). IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering,
Volume 335(1), pp. 1–6
Sheats, W.B., MacArthur, B.W., 2001. Methyl Ester
Sulfonate Products. Chemithon, Volume 12. Available online at
http://www.chemithon.com/Resources/pdfs/Technical_papers/Methyl%20Ester%20Sulfonate%20Products%205th%
20Cesio%20v19,R1.pdf
Singh, A., Van Hamme, J.D., Ward, O.P., 2007.
Surfactants in Microbiology and Biotechnology: Part 2. Application Aspects. Biotechnology
Advances, Volume 25(1), pp. 99–121
Slamet, I.M., Wulandari, P.P., 2017. Synthesis of
Methyl Ester Sulfonate Surfactant from Crude Palm Oil as an Active Substance of
Laundry Liquid Detergent. In: AIP Conference Proceedings, Volume 1904(1)
Socrates, G., 2001. Infrared and Raman Characteristic
Group Frequencies. Tables and Charts. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 3rd
Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soy, R.C., Kipkemboi, P.K., Rop, K., 2020. Synthesis,
Characterization, and Evaluation of Solution Properties of Sesame Fatty Methyl
Ester Sulfonate Surfactant. ACS Publications, Volume 5, pp. 28643?28655
Tobori, N., Kakui, T., 2019. Methyl Ester Sulfonate.
Biobased Surfactants, 2nd Edition. Elsevier Inc.
Tulathammakit, H., Boonyarach, K., 2014. Synthesis of
Methyl Ester Sulphonate Surfactant from Palm Oil Methyl Ester by using UV or
Ozone as an Initiator. Chemical Engineering Transactions, Volume 39(Special
Issue), pp. 421–426
Zhang, R., Huo, J., Peng, Z., Feng,
Q., Zhang, J., Wang, J., 2017. Emulsification Properties of Comb-Shaped
Trimeric Nonionic Surfactant for High Temperature Drilling Fluids based on
Water in Oil. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering
Aspects, Volume 520, pp. 855–863