Post-harvest and Extraction Conditions for the Optimum Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Stenochlaena palustris
Corresponding email: maria.gunawanputeri@sgu.ac.id
Published at : 19 Jul 2021
Volume : IJtech
Vol 12, No 3 (2021)
DOI : https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v12i3.4409
Gunawan-Puteri, M.D.P.T., Kato, E., Rahmawati, D., Teji, S., Santoso, J.A., Pandiangan, F.I., Nion, Y.A., 2021. Post-harvest and Extraction Conditions for the Optimum Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Stenochlaena palustris. International Journal of Technology. Volume 12(3), pp. 649-660
| Maria Dewi P. Tirtaningtyas Gunawan-Puteri | Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Swiss German University, Tangerang 15143, Indonesia |
| Eisuke Kato | Laboratory of Food Science, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan |
| Della Rahmawati | Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Swiss German University, Tangerang 15143, Indonesia |
| Stevan Teji | Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Swiss German University, Tangerang 15143, Indonesia |
| Jevon Ardy Santoso | Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Swiss German University, Tangerang 15143, Indonesia |
| Febbyandi Isnanda Pandiangan | Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Swiss German University, Tangerang 15143, Indonesia |
| Yanetri Asi Nion | Study Program of Agrotechnology, Department of Agriculture, Palangka Raya University, Palangka Raya 74874, Indonesia |
Stenochlaena palustris has been studied for its anti-diabetic potency related to its
alpha-glucosidase inhibitory (AGI) activity. This study aimed to evaluate the
impact of post-harvest and extraction conditions on the AGI activity of S.
palustris and isolate the AGI bioactive principal component. AGI activity
was calculated based on the inhibition of S. palustris samples against in
vitro rat intestinal maltase and sucrase hydrolytic activities in enzymatic
reactions. The selected extracts were subjected to activity-guided fractionation
using liquid-liquid sequential separation, followed by silica N60 column
chromatography. This study showed that post-harvest treatment significantly
protected the AGI activity of S. palustris, while its optimum extract
condition was observed with methanol and a smaller particle size (< 250 µm)
at a sample to solvent ratio of 1:20 (w/v) for 24 h. Further fractionation,
followed by Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and proton nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR) evaluation of the S. palustris extracts from
optimum post-harvest and extraction conditions, also resulted in the
identification of kaempferol 3-O-?-glucopyranoside (astragalin) as the
responsible bioactive AGI compound. This study’s findings are expected to
contribute to further study and utilization of S. palustris as an
anti-diabetic agent based on its AGI activity.
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities; Diabetic; Kaempferol 3-O-?-glucopyranoside; Kelakai; Stenochlaena palustris
Kelakai (Stenochlaena palustris; Figure 1) is an endemic fern used as food and traditional medicine by the Dayak ethnic society in central Kalimantan, Indonesia. S. palustris is also found and used for medicinal treatments in other countries (Ponnusamy et al., 2013; Neamsuvan et al., 2015). Extracts of this plant’s mature (Chai et al., 2015) and young fronds (Leng, 2016) possess potent, high natural alpha-glucosidase inhibitory (AGI) activity associated with hyperglycemia treatment.
Figure 1 Left to right: (a) field; (b) young leaves; and (c) mature leaves of Stenochlaena
palustris
The activities of S.
palustris against AGI enzymes, along with its long consumption history,
strongly encourage the plant’s utilization as a functional food ingredient for
diabetes management, especially given the rising awareness of self-monitoring
and self-
controlling blood sugar levels (Dewi et al., 2017). Common challenges in the
development and production of functional food from natural products are maintaining
AGI activity consistency and standardization during harvesting and processing (Widiputri et al., 2020). Extraction conditions,
such as type of solvents and solvent to solid ratio, have been known to affect
extraction efficiency (Dianursanti et al., 2020; Widiputri et al., 2020). To support the
utilization of S. palustris as a functional ingredient for diabetes
management, it is important to select post-harvest and extraction treatments
for optimum and consistent AGI activity.
Various phenolic compound
derivatives, such as flavonoids, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins (condensed
tannins), and hydroxycinnamic acids (Chai et al., 2012; Chai et al., 2015; Chear et
al., 2016 Rahmawati et al., 2017), have been identified in the extracts of S. palustris. However,
the compounds responsible for this plant species’ AGI activity have not yet
been confirmed. Identifying the major bioactive compounds responsible for AGI
activity is also important in providing guidelines that the plant’s principal
activity compounds remain during harvesting and processing.
Previous studies have revealed that the water fraction of methanol
extract in the mature (Chai et al., 2015) and young fronds (Leng, 2016) of S. palustris
possess potent, high natural AGI activity commonly associated with
hyperglycemia treatment. The first objective of this study is thus to select S.
palustris post-harvest and extraction treatments for optimum and consistent
AGI activity. Furthermore, to provide guidelines for the principal activity
compounds, this study aims to identify the major bioactive compounds responsible
for this plant’s AGI activity using activity-guided fractionation and
instrumental analysis of the isolated compounds.
This
study revealed several important findings on the standardization and
optimization of S. palustris extraction,
specifically regarding post-harvest treatment and extraction conditions.
Attempts to preserve moisture and delay the wilting of fresh S. palustris leaves was shown to also
protect their AGI activity. The smaller particle size of dried S. palustris powder was shown to better
facilitate extraction of the principal AGI component at a 1:20 (w/v) extraction
ratio. This study also identified astragalin as the active compound responsible
for the AGI activity in S. palustris.
This study’s findings are expected to contribute to the further study and
utilization of S. palustris as a
functional ingredient for diabetes management based on its AGI activity.
This
research project was supported by a grant from the Directorate General of
Resources for Science, Technology and Higher Education of the Republic of
Indonesia (contract number 0789/K4/KM/2018) and the Japan Student Services
Organization (JASSO) Student Exchange Support Program (Scholarship for
Short-Term Study in Japan) for the short-stay program at the School of
Agriculture, Hokkaido University. The authors also express their gratitude to
the students of the Agricultural Faculty at Palangkaraya University for their
tremendous help in the sample collection, Dr. Hery Sutanto for his help with
the chemical structure elucidation of the isolated compound, and Ms. Florence
Ignatia, S.T., B. Eng for her help with the manuscript’s proofreading.
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| R2-CE-4409-20210129074459.png | Equation 1 |
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