Testing of Beeswax Printing Technology in the Design of a Paper-Based Microfluidic System
Published at : 27 Nov 2020
Volume : IJtech
Vol 11, No 5 (2020)
DOI : https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v11i5.4336
Nunut, I., Whulanza, Y., Kassegne, S., 2020. Testing of Beeswax Printing Technology in the Design of a Paper-Based Microfluidic System. International Journal of Technology. Volume 11(5), pp. 1036-1045
| Immanuel Nunut | Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia |
| Yudan Whulanza | 1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia 2. Research Center for Biomedical Engineering (RCBE), Universitas Indon |
| Samuel Kassegne | Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering San Diego State University, CA 92182, United States |
The development of additive manufacturing
technologies has the advantage of producing more economical and efficient
products. This trend is supported by the fact that this technology is
extensively developed, so that it has easy platforms to use, vast applications,
and is more economically affordable than it was when it was first created in
the early 90s. Currently, this technology is also widely applied in the
bioengineering field to produce so called micro-scale products. In this study,
a beeswax printer was developed by modifying a universal 3D printer to apply
beeswax as a microchannel part on paper. Ultimately, this application shall be
used for paper lab-on-a-chip (LOC) that enables us to perform specific
functions, such as biological detection. However, a thorough study is needed to
understand the limitations of this beeswax printer, along with the
characterization of its product. Here, an experiment was conducted to find the
optimum conditions of the system with two main parameters, namely the heating
characteristics and flowability of the molten beeswax during the printing
process. Additionally, an analytical model was also developed to validate the
phenomena of this advanced printing media. Briefly, the beeswax printer allowed
us to have a fine profile in the range of 0.5–2.0 mm wide and 30–150 µm thick.
This research allowed us to find the desired profile of printed beeswax.
Additive manufacturing; Beeswax; Microchannel; Paper LOC; 3D printer
Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) is a device that integrates a
series of laboratory processes on a chip to perform a specific task, such as
pathogen detection, via serology or molecular identification (Oh, 2012; Jung et al., 2014; Luka et al., 2015).
It can facilitate clinical measures, such as to filtrate/separate raw material,
transport chemical reagents, perform a reaction, and detect biochemical results
(Lim et al., 2010; Takenaga, 2015). It has
small dimension so that this device can be easily transported. Because of its
small size, it requires smaller specimens and reagents for its operation, i.e.
microfluidic system (Ho et al., 2015; Lafleur et
al., 2015). Thus, it has a much cheaper operational cost compared to
conventional systems.
Microfluidic system are
fabricated by etching or molding glass, silicone, acrylics, or
Fluidic channels can be patterned using wax screen
printing (Dungchai et al., 2011) and dipping
the object directly on the specimen (Songjaroen et
al., 2011). Screen printing and spray methods have also been used to
create a wax channel (Juang et al., 2017; Liu et
al., 2017). A recent study also showed the role of additive
manufacturing in wax coatings (Yamada et al.,
2015).
An additive manufacturing platform, or 3D printer, has
been widely used in deploying material through nozzles with various driving forces,
such as pneumatic, piston, and motor movement (Naghieh
et al., 2017). Thus, it enables us to deposit any material required,
such as polymer filaments, hydrogel, ceramic, or composites of these substances
(Whulanza et al., 2017b; Syuhada et al., 2018;
Roopavath et al., 2019). Moreover, wax has also been used as a material
in printing (Lu et al., 2009; Carrilho et al.,
2009). However, further testing and characterization has yet to be
applied to LOC fabrication (Xue et al., 2017).
This report explains the characterization of printed
beeswax on a filter paper to be used as a microchannel. The measurements showed
that optimum parameters achieved by our home-made wax printer inspired by batik
printing art. Furthermore, an analytical model was demonstrated to approach the
experimental results of printed wax. Ultimately, the wax channel was shown to
be functionally resistant to liquid water adsorption.
The beeswax printer was successfully tested and
thoroughly observed. The main task of this home-made device was to create
microchannels as the main part of paper lab-on-a-chip. The microchannel was
formed by printed beeswax that needs to allow the flow of a liquid specimen
without further spillage outside of the required line. Therefore, it is
important to understand the operating parameters of the beeswax printer to
deliver quality. Here, it can be reported that heating temperature of beeswax
materials in the device was 60–80°C and a layer rate of 11–90 mm/s. The device
was able to produce printed wax 0.5–2.0 mm wide and 30–150 µm thick. An
analytical model was also introduced to validate the experimental results and
shall be beneficial for further research.
This research was supported by the Kemristek BRIN PUPT 2020 with
Contract Number: NKB-2872/UN2.RST/HKP.05.00/2020.
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