Published at : 19 Jul 2021
Volume : IJtech
Vol 12, No 3 (2021)
DOI : https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v12i3.4303
Nur Syakirah Rabiha Rosman | 1. Cell Signaling and Biotechnology Research Group (CeSBTech), Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2. Biological Securit |
Mohammad Asyraf Adhwa Masimen | 1. Cell Signaling and Biotechnology Research Group (CeSBTech), Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2. Biological Securit |
Noor Aniza Harun | 1. Advanced Nano Materials (ANOMA) Research Group, Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2. Higher Institution Centre of E |
Izwandy Idris | South China Sea Repository and Reference Centre, Institute of Oceanography and Environment (INOS), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia |
Wan Iryani Wan Ismail | 1. Cell Signaling and Biotechnology Research Group (CeSBTech), Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2. Biological Securit |
Interest in biogenic silver nanoparticles
(AgNPs) is steadily increasing due to the cost-effective, easy, and
environmentally friendly way in which they are synthesized. Synthesis using
polychaete (Marphysa moribidii)
extract as a reducing agent is particularly new and has the potential of being
applied in various industries. However, biogenic AgNPs require synthesis
optimization to increase their stability, yield, and characteristics. To meet
these requirements, several synthesis parameters (such as polychaete size (body
width), silver nitrate (AgNO3) concentration, pH of polychaete crude
extract, and the temperature during pre-incubation) and storage conditions were
optimized in this study. The optimized conditions for obtaining high yield and
stable AgNPs were polychaetes with a body width of 6–8 mm, 1 mM AgNO3
with polychaete crude extract of pH 9, preheated at 90°C for 15 min before
incubation at 30°C (150 rpm) for 24 hours, and stored at 4°C for long-term
stability. The formation of AgNPs was confirmed through observation of a color
transition (from pinkish to yellowish-brown) and analysis of UV-Vis spectra
(between 398 and 400 nm). Scanning electron microscopy and transmission
electron microscopy revealed the formation of spherical AgNPs with an average
size of approximately 40.19 nm. Further, the optimized AgNPs demonstrated high
storage stability for up to 6 months without any agglomeration. It is believed
that these parameters are eminently suitable for the production of stable
biosynthesized AgNPs.
Biosynthesis; Marphysa moribidii; Optimization; Polychaetes; Silver nanoparticles
Research into nanotechnology has garnered significant interest worldwide over the last few decades due to its superior physical, chemical, and biological properties compared to its bulk form (Usman et al., 2018; Khalil et al., 2019). One of the most promising nanoparticles in the scientific world is silver nanoparticles (AgNPs).
These are 10 to 100 nm in size and have superior
physicochemical and antimicrobial properties, mainly due to their large surface
area per volume ratio (Jeevanandam et al., 2018). Accordingly, AgNPs have been incorporated in various fields, including
diagnosis, therapeutics, electrical, antimicrobial action, and catalysis (Zhang
et al., 2016; Lee and Jun, 2019; Nakamura et al., 2019).
Conventionally, AgNPs have been synthesized by utilizing
physical and chemical methods, which are costly and produce substances that are
harmful to organisms and the environment (Zhang et
al., 2016). However, numerous chemical and physical methods have been
substituted by biological approaches in the last few years (Nakamura et al., 2019) that are environmentally sustainable
and economical, as no toxic or expensive chemicals are utilized in the
synthesis (Lee and Jun, 2019). In biological
synthesis, two main components are required to initiate synthesis: a silver
precursor such as silver nitrate (AgNO3) and a biomolecule cocktail
extracted from living organisms that concurrently act as reducing and
stabilizing agents (Siddiqi et al., 2018).
These biomolecules react with silver ion (Ag+) and are reduced
to AgNPs of various forms and sizes and act as capping agents to stabilize
AgNPs (Zhang et al., 2016).
Microorganisms and plants
are commonly exploited as reducing agents in this method since they are widely
available in nature (Lee and Jun, 2019; Nakamura et al., 2019). Synthesizing AgNPs from invertebrate
marine sources (especially polychaetes) is a relatively recent process. The polychaete is
commonly referred to as a segmented worm (or marine worm) and belongs to the
class of Polychaeta (Phylum Annelida). Polychaetes are generally used as
pollution indicators, fish broodstock, and fish bait (Gaete
et al., 2017; Cole et al., 2018; Masimen et al., 2020). Previous studies have indicated
that some marine polychaetes can synthesize AgNPs (Singh
et al., 2014; Hussain et al., 2018). However, synthesis was initiated
utilizing species other than Marphysa moribidii
(locally known as ‘ruat
bakau’). This is from the Eunicidae family and is harvested locally to
be used as bait worm for recreational or artisanal fisheries (Idris et al., 2014). Using M. moribidii as a reducing agent in AgNP synthesis can increase the
polychaete’s commercial value, especially in Malaysia.
This
research has demonstrated the successful optimization of biogenic AgNPs
synthesized from marine polychaete (M. moribidii). The protocol was
optimized, offering rapid production of AgNPs with increased stability and
characteristics. The present investigation concluded that the green synthesis
of AgNPs utilizing marine invertebrates (M. moribidii) as reducing and
stabilizing agents offered many advantages. These included being economical, straightforward,
and eco-friendly, which can scale up economic viability. Future studies could
consider exploring possible applications of biosynthesized AgNPs, especially in
healthcare. The findings of this research can be useful as a reference for biogenic
AgNPs and green nanotechnology research, with the aim of discovering more
marine polychaetes with the potential to be utilized as reducing and
stabilizing agents in AgNP synthesis.
We
would like to thank the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia, and the
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu for their funding (FRGS/1/2016/WAB09/UMT/02/2).
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