Behavioral Intention of e-Learning: A Case Study of Distance Learning at a Junior High School in Indonesia due to the COVID-19 Pandemic
Published at : 25 Jan 2021
Volume : IJtech
Vol 12, No 1 (2021)
DOI : https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v12i1.4281
Asvial, M., Mayangsari, J., Yudistriansyah, A., 2021. Behavioral Intention of e-Learning: A Case Study of Distance Learning at a Junior High School in Indonesia due to the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Technology. Volume 12(1), pp. 54-64
| Muhamad Asvial | Graduate Program in Telecommunications Management, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia |
| Jihar Mayangsari | Graduate Program in Telecommunications Management, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia |
| Alvin Yudistriansyah | Sigma Cipta Caraka, Jakarta Selatan 12710, Indonesia |
Behavior intention; Covid-19; E-learning; UTAUT; SEM
According to Zahedi and
Dehghan (2019), e-learning is considered as using electronic technology
to access educational programs via internet. With the use of technology and
automation will play a significant role in increasing productivity (Berawi, 2020). These days, distance is no longer
a barrier to communication. Sending a mail, making a call, and text messaging
can be done via the Internet, and even video calls can be done in real time.
With technology, many people have meetings with other people in different
places through video conferences. One of the developments in the use of video
conferencing is e-learning or distance learning.
There are many benefits of e-learning for students and teachers. e-Learning can help reduce education costs and can effectively be carried out in an effective time and without geographical boundaries (Cheng, 2011; Chen, 2011). Among many others, an advantage of e-learning is the ease of accessing learning material anywhere by connecting to the internet (Ong et al., 2004; Al-Rahmi et al., 2018). Some studies found that despite its flexibility, ease, and cost-effectiveness, there are still many problems encountered in e-learning learning. Researchers have found that the problem with e-learning is the limited ability of students’ perceptions of e-learning systems (Almaiah and Mulhem, 2018). Some problems can only be solved if students and students can use this e-learning system properly (Pituch and Lee, 2006; Chaka and Govender, 2017). Students' perceptions regarding the motivation to use e-learning due to the success of the learning process with e-learning is assisted by students’ acceptance of its actual use (Salloum et al., 2019). Further, the success of e-learning is seen by increasing students’ competencies, abilities, knowledge, user satisfaction, and behavioral intentions (Al-Qahtani et al., 2013; Mohammadi, 2015; Al-Rahmi et al., 2018). Based on studies (Dachyar et al., 2015) on the development of an organizational model strategy through information systems in higher education, it shows a lack of adequate human resources in technology implementation.
The
quality of education in Indonesia is still low and is below that of neighboring
countries. Based on research conducted by the Organization for Economic
Co-operation and Development, Program for International Student Assessment,
Indonesia ranked 72 out of 77 countries and scored 371 in the reading, 379 in
mathematics and 396 in mathematics science. Therefore, we assumed that
e-learning could be difficult to accomplish by most middle-school students in
Indonesia from the student’s competencies and knowledge point of view.
The
spread of COVID-19 caused a change in activities in the world. Schools that
previously used the offline method with a face-to-face system were forced to
offer instruction from home through the Internet. Thus, all students in
Indonesia must have supporting facilities to connect to the Internet for
e-learning. The e-learning system during COVID-19 in Indonesia is called Pembelajaran
Jarak Jauh (PJJ). Based on the results of research by the Indonesian Child
Protection Commission (KPAI), PJJ in Indonesia currently creates an education
gap between the able and disadvantaged groups. This is because the ability to
buy Internet credit, computers, or smartphones that are suitable for distance
learning is inadequate, added to the high cost of Internet access, electricity,
and other supporting facilities that are not in accordance with the income of
parents during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the KPAI study involving 246 main
respondents, 1,700 comparative students, and 602 teachers, 73.2% of the teachers
only gave assignments without interacting with students, which was not
effective, and the students reported not liking the distance learning. Based on
the results of research by KPAI, the application of e-learning in middle
schools in Indonesia is not simple.
Therefore,
research on the behavioral intentions of students in e-learning systems in
secondary schools is needed. This study was performed in the Greater Jakarta
area. Given the high Internet costs in Indonesia and the cost of living in
Jakarta and Tangerang, a cost variable was added to the study. In particular,
Greater Jakarta was faced with many people affected by layoffs due to the
COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, this study aimed to assess behavior intention of
e-learning at junior high schools in Jakarta and Tangerang, Indonesia due to
the impact of COVID-19.
From the results of the hypothesis test with t-value, students at the junior high school level in Jakarta and Tangerang participated in distance learning or e-learning due to COVID-19 because of parental encouragement and government regulations. They were not actually interested in learning through e-learning. Thus, we suggest that the government of Indonesia improves the digital literacy of middle schoolers, includes the ability to learn new technology easily, motivated to learn with information and communication technology, and willingness to use information and communication technology at work (Santoso et al., 2019) by minimizing the digital gap, improving teachers’ quality, and providing supportive facilities prior to establishing policies that mandate e-learning as a standard for instruction delivery.
One of the limitations of our research is the geographical distribution of the subjects. All the respondents were from Jakarta and Tangerang. Therefore, future investigations should examine a larger number of respondents from across Indonesia, especially in rural areas. Another limitation of this work is that the respondents were surveyed between June and August 2020, a period during which there was no government subsidy on internet fees. Further research on the condition of the behavioral intention of e-learning in junior high schools that includes the entire period of the impact of COVID-19 is neededs.
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