• International Journal of Technology (IJTech)
  • Vol 12, No 1 (2021)

Hydrodynamics Factors Correspond to the Weather Criterion Applied to an Indonesian Ro-Ro Ferry with Different Weight Distributions

Hydrodynamics Factors Correspond to the Weather Criterion Applied to an Indonesian Ro-Ro Ferry with Different Weight Distributions

Title: Hydrodynamics Factors Correspond to the Weather Criterion Applied to an Indonesian Ro-Ro Ferry with Different Weight Distributions
Daeng Paroka, Andi Haris Muhammad, Sabaruddin Rahman

Corresponding email:


Cite this article as:
Paroka, D., Muhammad, A.H., Rahman, S., 2021. Hydrodynamics Factors Correspond to the Weather Criterion Applied to an Indonesian Ro-Ro Ferry with Different Weight Distributions. International Journal of Technology. Volume 12(1), pp. 126-138

828
Downloads
Daeng Paroka Department of Ocean Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hasanuddin University, Gowa Campus, Jl. Poros Malino Km. 6 Bontomarannu, Gowa, South Sulawesi, 92171, Indonesia
Andi Haris Muhammad Department of Marine System Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hasanuddin University, Gowa Campus, Jl. Poros Malino Km. 6 Bontomarannu, Gowa, South Sulawesi, 92171, Indonesia
Sabaruddin Rahman Department of Ocean Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hasanuddin University, Gowa Campus, Jl. Poros Malino Km. 6 Bontomarannu, Gowa, South Sulawesi, 92171, Indonesia
Email to Corresponding Author

Abstract
Hydrodynamics Factors Correspond to the Weather Criterion Applied to an Indonesian Ro-Ro Ferry with Different Weight Distributions

The effect of weight distribution on hydrodynamics factors in the weather criterion was investigated. Two types of weight distribution were examined. With the first type of distribution, the weight was concentrated near the centerline of the model. With the second, the weight was positioned farther from the centerline in order to obtain a natural roll period corresponding to that provided by the standard formula in the weather criterion of the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The three-step procedure recommended by the IMO was applied. A roll decay test and a roll test in a regular beam wave were conducted to obtain the natural roll period, the damping factors corresponding to the breadth-to-draught ratio and the bilge keels, and the effective wave slope coefficient. The damping factor corresponding to the breadth-to-draught ratio for the ship with a larger radius of gyration was larger than that for the ship with a smaller radius of gyration. The ship with a smaller radius of gyration had a larger damping factor due to bilge keels compared to the ship with a larger radius of gyration. The effective wave slope coefficient of the ship with the larger radius of gyration was larger than that for the ship with the smaller radius of gyration. The effect of bilge keels on the effective wave slope coefficient for the ship with a radius of gyration equal to that obtained by the weather criterion formula was not significant. The effect of weight distribution on the weather criterion was significant for the ship without bilge keels. A significant effect of bilge keels on the weather criterion occurred for the ship with a weight distribution corresponding to a radius of gyration coefficient closer to that obtained by the formula in the weather criterion.

Ro-ro ferry; Roll radius of gyration; Stability; Weather criterion; Weight distribution

Introduction

Indonesian ro-ro ferries are used for the inter-island transport of passenger and vehicles, particularly on short-sea and inland river routes. The vehicles are located on the main deck, while the passengers are accommodated in a superstructure above the main deck. The ships are designed with small draughts because the ports in the service areas are generally characterized by shallow water. To satisfy the capacity requirement, the ships are designed with a large breadth. This requirement results in designs with breadth-to-draught ratios of approximately 2.3 to 8.3 (Paroka et al., 2020a). Most of the ships have breadth-to-draught ratios larger than 3.5. The data collected about ro-ro passenger shipsworldwide also show a breadth-to-draught ratio of approximately 2 to 7.5 (Kristensen, 2016). Indonesian ro-ro ferries have small freeboards to facilitate vehicle loading and unloading at ports. Therefore, the freeboard-to-breadth ratios of most Indonesian ro-ro passenger ferries are smaller than 0.1 (Paroka et al., 2020a). Thus, the heel angle associated with the maximum righting arm is typically smaller than (Paroka, 2018). The vertical center of gravity tends to be larger than the ship’s depth because the payload is located above the main deck.

The stability of Indonesian ro-ro ferries is assessed by using the International Code on Intact Stability of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) (IMO, 2008). The weather criterion is one of the criteria applied to ro-ro ships. This criterion was developed based on ships with breadth-to-draught ratios smaller than 3.5, ratios between ship draught and vertical center of gravity ranging from 0.7 to 1.5, and natural roll periods of up to 30 seconds. The values of the variables for calculating the roll angle to windward due to waves may be inappropriate when applied to a ship with geometric characteristics different from those used to develop the criteria (Vassalos et al., 2003; Francescutto, 2007; Sato et al., 2008). For ships with large breadth-to-draught ratios, the associated damping factor was found to be smaller than that obtained with the recommended value of the IMO (Deakin, 2008; Paroka et al., 2020b), and the effective wave slope coefficient obtained with the weather criterion formulae resulted in a larger value than that obtained by model experiments (Fujino et al., 1993; Ishida et al., 2011; Paroka et al., 2020b). Therefore, the IMO has recommended the use of model experiments when the weather criterion is applied to ships with geometric characteristics different from those used to develop the criteria (IMO, 2006). Adjustment values for the effective wave slope coefficient, wave steepness for roll periods of up to 30 seconds, and a damping factor correspond to breadth-to-draught ratio for ships with breadth-to-draught ratios up to 6.5 had been proposed (IMO, 2003; Francescutto, 2015). Recently, an extension of the roll period has been adopted in the International Code on Intact Stability (IMO, 2015), but the damping factors corresponding to the breadth-to-draught ratio and bilge keels as well as the effective wave slope coefficient have not been changed.

The damping factor corresponding to bilge keels in the weather criterion was assumed to depend only on the ratio between the bilge keels area and the product between the length of the waterline and the ship’s breadth. However, the damping moment induced by the bilge keels depends on the distance between the bilge keels and the ship’s center of gravity in addition to the depth of the bilge keels from the water surface (Ikeda et al., 1978a; Ikeda et al., 1978b).The effect of distance between the bilge keels and the roll axis for a shallow draught ship with a large breadth-to-draught ratio has been verified by Katayama et al. (2018). The increase of the equivalent damping moment was not commensurate with the increasing height of the bilge keels (Jiang et al., 2020). Fesman et al. (2007) found that the use of bilge keels could reduce the roll angle of a ship by about 30%. Therefore, the damping factor due to bilge keels given in the weather criterion results in an overestimated roll angle due to waves when it is applied to a ship with a large breadth-to-draught ratio, as found by Paroka et al. (2020b). The effect of bilge keels on roll motion has been widely investigated, including the effect of dimension and position (Irkal et al., 2014), but the effect on the damping factor in the weather criterion has never been investigated.

Another factor that should be considered when the weather criterion is applied to an Indonesian ro-ro ferry is weight distribution. The loading conditions do not always follow the designed loading plan, in which the heaviest vehicles are meant to be located near the center line. Under certain conditions, depending on the vehicles to be transported, a heavy vehicle can be located near the portside or the starboard. This different payload weight distribution could have significant effects on the natural roll period, as well as on roll damping and the effective wave slope coefficient. However, the adjustment values of these parameters in the weather criterion are independent of weight distribution. The radius of gyration can be calculated by a formula given in the weather criterion. A significant error can be obtained when the formula is applied to a ship with a larger breadth-to-draught ratio and a large metacentric height (GM) (Borisov et al., 2015). The effective wave slope coefficient depends on the wave frequency (IMO, 2013). The damping moment of a roll can decrease due to slower roll motion, which is associated with a larger natural roll period (Grimm et al., 2017). The roll period increases with increasing total inertia of mass, which is calculated based on the weight distribution. The added inertia of a roll increases when the wave frequency increases (Kianejad et al., 2017). This means that the hydrodynamics factors corresponding to the weather criterion can be different due to alterations of the weight distribution. The effect of weight distribution described by variations of the radius of gyration on the roll motion of a ship’s midsection with bilge keels has been investigated by Irkal et al. (2017), but the effect on the values of the parameters in the weather criterion has not yet been examined.

This paper discusses the effects of weight distribution on the values of the parameters in the weather criterion applied to an Indonesian ro-ro ferry. This is important because the weight distribution could vary on the basis of the vehicles transported during the operation of the vessels. The effects of weight distribution on the hydrodynamics factors corresponding to the calculation of the roll angle toward windward due to waves can be determined. The effect of bilge keels on the effective wave slope coefficient was also investigated with different weight distributions. The results can be used to develop stability criteria for ro-ro ferries, which have been categorized as non-conventional ships by the IMO, and to extend the tabulated values of damping factors due to breadth-to-draught ratios and bilge keels in the weather criterion. The results can also provide operational guidance for the distribution of vehicles on the main deck of ro-ro ferries.

Conclusion

The damping factors corresponding to the weather criterion and the effective wave slope coefficients of an Indonesian ro-ro ferry with and without bilge keels and with different weight distributions were determined in model experiments. The value for the damping factor related to the breadth-to-draught ratio for the ship with a radius of gyration that was approximately the same as that calculated by the weather criterion formula (0.48B) was larger than that for the ship with a radius of gyration of approximately 0.36B. The damping factor corresponding to the bilge keels for the ship with a radius of gyration of 0.49B was smaller compared to that for the ship with a radius of gyration of 0.38B. The effective wave slope coefficient of the ship with a radius of gyration of 0.48B was larger than that of the ship with a radius of gyration of 0.36B. The formula used to calculate the effective wave slope coefficient can be applied to an Indonesian ro-ro ferry if the radius of gyration is equal to that calculated by the formula of the weather criterion. The effective wave slope coefficient for the ship with a radius of gyration approximately equal to that calculated with the weather criterion formula was not significantly affected by the bilge keels. The effect of weight distribution on the  area ratio of the weather criterionwas more significant for the ship without bilge keels compared to the ship with bilge keels. The bilge keels give a more significant contribution to the  area ratio in the case of a weight distribution with a radius of gyration coefficient close to that obtained by the formula of the weather criterion. Therefore, it is recommended to use a model experiment as an alternative method to determine the values of parameters in the weather criterion when that criterion is applied to ships with a breadth-to-draught ratio larger than 3.50 and with a ratio between the vertical center of gravity and a ship draught larger than 1.50.

Acknowledgement

This paper is part of the research supported by the Directorate General of Higher Education of Indonesia and Hasanuddin University: Grant No.1516/UN4.22/PT.01.03/ 2020. The authors express their sincere gratitude to these institutions for their support. The authors express appreciation to Ardedi Yusuf for his assistance during the experiments.

References

Borisov, R., Luzyanin, A., Kuteynikov, M., Samoylov, V., 2015. An Approach to Assess the Excessive Acceleration Based on Defining Roll Amplitude by Weather Criterion Formula with Modified Applicability Range. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on the Stability of Ships and Ocean Vehicles 2015, Glasgow, 14 – 19  June, Scotland,pp. 601612

Deakin, B., 2008. Evaluation of the Roll Prediction Method in the Weather Criterion. International Journal of Maritime Engineering, Volume 150(2), pp. 5667

Fesman, E., Bayraktar, D., Taylan, M., 2007. Influence of Damping on the Roll Motion of Ships. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Marine Research and Transportation 2007, Naples, 28 – 30 June, Italy, pp. 127134

Francescutto, A., 2007. The Intact Ship Stability Code: Present Status and Future Development. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Marine Research and Transportation 2007, Naples, 28 – 30 June, Italy, pp. 199208

Francescutto, A., 2015. Intact Stability Criteria of Ships – Past, Present and Future. In:  Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on the Stability of Ships and Ocean Vehicles 2015, Glasgow, 14 – 19  June, Scotland, pp. 11991209

Fujino, M., Fuji, I., Hamamoto, M., Ikeda, Y., Ishida, S., Morita, T., Tanai, K., Umeda, N., 1993. Estimation of Roll Damping Coefficients and Effective Wave Slope Coefficients for Small Passenger Crafts. In: Proceedings of U.S. Coast Guard Vessel Stability Symposium 1993, U.S Coast Guard Academy, USA

Grimm, M., Smith, W., Fortescue, D., 2017. The Influence of Radius of Gyration Including the Effect of Inertia of Fluid on Motion Prediction. In: Proceedings of the International Maritime Conference 2017, Sidney, 3 – 5 October, Australia

Gu, Y., Day, S., Boulougouris, E., 2015. A Study on the Effect of Bilge Keels on Roll Damping Coefficient. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on the Stability of Ships and Ocean Vehicles 2015, Glasgow, 14 – 19 June, Scotland, pp. 775783

Ikeda, Y., Himeno, Y., Tanaka, N., 1978a. On Roll Damping Force of Ship – Effect of Friction on Hull and Normal Force of Bilge Keels. Report of the Department of Naval Architecture, University of Osaka Perfecture, No. 00401

Ikeda, Y., Komatsu, K., Himeno, Y., Tanaka, N., 1978b. On Roll Damping Force  of Ship – Effect of Hull Surface Pressure Created by Bilge Keels. Report of the Department of Naval Architecture, University of Osaka Perfecture, No. 00402

IMO, 2003. Review of the Intact Stability Code: Severe Wind and Rolling Criterion (Weather Criterion). SLF 46/6/10, IMO, London, UK

IMO, 2006. Interim Guidelines for Alternative Assessment of the Weather Criterion. MSC.1/Circ.1200, IMO, London, UK

IMO, 2008. The International Code on Intact Stability. MSC.267(85), IMO, London, UK.

IMO, 2013. Development of Second Generation Intact Stability Criteria: Vulnerability Assessment for Dead-ship Stability Failure Mode. SDC 1/INF.6, IMO, London, UK

IMO, 2015. Finalization of Second Generation Intact Stability Criteria: Information Collected by the Correspondence Group on Intact Stability Regarding Second  Generation Intact Stability Criteria. SDC 3/INF.10, IMO, London, UK

Irkal, M.A.R., Nallayarasu, S., Bhattacharyya, S.K, 2014. Experimental and CFD Simulation of Roll Motion of Ship with Bilge Keel. In: Proceeding on the International Conference on Computational and Experimental Marine Hydrodynamics 2014, Chennai, 3–4 December, India.

Irkal, M.A.R., Nallayarasu, S., Bhattacharyya, S.K., 2015. CFD Approach to Roll Damping of Ship with Bilge Keel with Experimental Validation. Applied Ocean Research, Volume 55, pp. 117

Irkal, M.A.R., Nallayarasu, S., Bhattacharyya, S.K., 2017. Parametric Study on Roll Damping of Ship Midsection with Bilge Keel from Roll Decay Using CFD. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Ship and Offshore Technology ICSOT 2017, Kharagpur, 7–8 December, India.

Ishida, S., Taguchi, H., Sawada, H., 2011.Contemporary Ideas on Ship Stability and Capsizing in Waves. In: Neves MAS, Belenky VL, de Kat, JO, Spyrou K, Umeda N (Eds.), Springer, London, pp. 6578

ITTC, 2011. Recommended Procedures:  Numerical Estimation of Roll Damping. In: Proceedings of the 26th ITTC Specialist Committee on Stability in Waves 2011, Rio de Jeneiro, Brazil

Jiang, Y., Yeung, R.W., 2017. Bilge-keel Influence on Free Decay of Roll Motion of a Realistic Hull. Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Artic Engineering, Volume 139(4), pp. 041801-1–041801-12

Jiang, Y., Ding, Y., Sun, Y., Shao, Y., Sun, L., 2020. Influence of Bilge-Keel Configuration on Ship  Roll  Damping and Roll Response in Waves. Ocean Engineering, Volume 216, pp. 120

Katayama, T., Matsuoka, M., Ikushima, K., 2018. Characteristics of Bilge Keel Roll Damping Component for Shallow Draft. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on the Stability of Ships and Ocean Vehicles 2018, Kobe, 16–21 September, Japan, pp. 350359

Kianejad, S.S., Enshaei, H., Ranmuthugala, D., 2017. Estimation of Added Mass Moment of Inertia in Roll Motion Through Numerical Simulation. In: Proceedings of the International Maritime Conference 2017, Sidney, 3–5 October, Australia

Kristensen, H.O., 2016. Analysis of Technical Data of Ro-Ro Ships. HOK Marineconsult ApS, Denmark

Papanikolaou, A., Boulougouris, E., Spanos, D., 1997. On the Roll Radius Gyration of Ro-Ro Passenger Ships. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE) Conference 1997, Honolulu, 24–26 November, USA, pp. 499507

Paroka, D., 2018.Karakteristik Geometri dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Stabilitas Kapal Feri Ro-Ro Indonesia (Geometric Characteristics and its Impact on Stability of Indonesian Ro-Ro Ferries). KAPAL: Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Kelautan, Volume 15(1), pp. 18

Paroka, D., Haris, A.H., Rahman, S., 2020a. Estimation of Effective Wave Slope Coefficient of Ships with Large Breadth and Draught Ratio. KAPAL: Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Kelautan, Volume 17(1), pp. 4049

Paroka, D., Asri, S., Rosmani, Hamzah, 2020b. Alternative Assessment of Weather Criterion for Ships with Large Breadth and Draught Ratio by Model Experiment: A Case Study on an Indonesian Ro-Ro Ferry. International Journal of Maritime Engineering, Volume 162(1), pp. 5564

Sato, Y., Taguchi, H., Ueno, M., Sawada, H., 2008. An Experimental Study of Effective Wave Slope Coefficient for Two-Dimensional Model. In: Proceedings of the 6th Osaka Colloquium on Seakeeping and Stability of Ships 2008, Osaka, 26–29 March, Japan.

Umeda, N., Sakai, M., Maki, A., Matsuda, A., 2019. Nonlinearity in the Effective Wave Slope Coefficient for a Low Freeboard Ship. In: Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Japan Society of Naval Architects and Ocean Engineers 2019, Nagasaki, 3–4 June, Japan, pp. 2730

Vassalos, D., Jasionowski, A., Cichowics, J., 2003. Weather Criterion – Question and Answer. In: Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on the Stability of Ships  and Ocean Vehicles 2003, Madrid, 15–19 September, Spain, pp. 695707