Computational Method for Designing a Nozzle Shape to Improve the Performance of Pico-Hydro Crossflow Turbines
Corresponding email: celinekevin.ck@gmail.com
Published at : 25 Jan 2021
Volume : IJtech
Vol 12, No 1 (2021)
DOI : https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v12i1.4225
Warjito, Budiarso, Celine, K., Nasution, S.B.S., 2021. Computational Method for Designing a Nozzle Shape to Improve the Performance of Pico-Hydro Crossflow Turbines. International Journal of Technology. Volume 12(1), pp. 139-148
| Warjito | Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia |
| Budiarso | Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia |
| Kevin Celine | Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia |
| Sanjaya Baroar Sakti Nasution | Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia |
The
nozzle in a crossflow turbine is important because it accelerates the flow of
the inlet and directs it to the runner at an angle relative to entrance angle
(?1), which is used to obtain the
maximum efficiency value. The ?1 value must match the angle of the runner’s
outer blade considering the transfer of water
from stationary to the rotating coordinates. To obtain the desired ?1 value,
the design of the nozzle is essential. In this study, 6-DoF simulations were
conducted to find the best nozzle geometry. The incoming flow angles (?) of the
nozzle ranged from 50° to 90°. A study without a proper
nozzle design was also conducted to compare the results. The results showed
that a nozzle geometry of ? = 50° yielded the highest efficiency (60.6%). This
study shows that the design of the nozzle in a crossflow turbine significantly
affects its performance.
Computational fluid dynamic; Crossflow turbine; Nozzle shape; Pico-hydro
The In 2018, Indonesia’s overall electrification percentage (the percentage of electrified households) was 98.3%. However, in remote areas such as East Nusa Tenggara, it was only 62.07% (Ministry of Energy and
Mineral Resources of the Republic of Indonesia, 2018).
This is due to the demographic and geographic characteristics
of remote areas. Remote areas have small, low-income populations and difficult transportation access. To meet the energy
demands of remote areas and to accelerate the generation of renewable
energy to meet the target of 66% by 2050 (International
Renewable Energy Agency, 2017), it is necessary to increase the use of
renewable energy resources. Currently, the most widely used renewable
energy is hydropower (Kaygusuz,
2010), and Indonesia has many water resources (Asian
Development Bank, 2016).
Pico-hydro is a
hydropower plant that generates electricity on a scale of less than 5 kW (Paish,
2002). Pico-hydro crossflow
turbines, which have tubular runners with two discs (Sinagra et
al., 2014), are suitable for remote areas that require small
amounts of electricity. They have high efficiency and long life spans and are economical
and environmentally friendly (Adanta et
al., 2018b). Other advantages are their simple design and easy
manufacture (Warjito et
al., 2019).
In designing a crossflow turbine, one of the most critical components besides the blade is the nozzle (Chichkhede et al., 2016). The nozzle must be able to direct the flow so that it is properly distributed and the angle of flow matches the angle of the blade inlet (?1) (Adhikari and Wood, 2017). To obtain the desired flow conditions, the inlet discharge angle (?) is an important parameter.
Adanta et al. (2018b) designed
and manufactured a crossflow turbine. However, their experimental results showed
that the turbine had low efficiency. This is because in the design process,
they only focused on calculating the geometry of the blade, whereas the nozzle
geometry was not taken into account. Therefore, this study aimed to redesign the nozzle
for Adanta et al. (2018b) turbine based on Sammartano et al. (2013), who reported efficiency
of 82%.
In this study, the optimal
angle ? of the nozzle in cases 1 and 2 was 50°. The highest efficiency was
obtained in case 1 (60.6%). This study shows that the design of the nozzle in a
crossflow turbine greatly affects its performance.
This work was supported by the Ministry of Research,
Technology, and Higher Education (KEMENRISTEK DIKTI) of the Republic of
Indonesia with grant number NKB-2959/UN2.RST/HKP.05.00/2020.
Adanta, D., 2020. Investigasi
Konstanta bachelor dan Kolmogorov Model Turbulen k -e Standard untuk Turbin
Piko Hidro Jenis Crossflow (Investigation of the Constant of Bachelor and
Kolmogorov on Standard k-epsilon Turbulence Model for Cross-Flow Pico-Hydro
Turbine). Doctoral Dissertation.
Universitas Indonesia
Adanta, D.,
Budiarso, Warjito, Siswantara, A.I., Prakoso, A.P., 2018a. Performance
Comparison of NACA 6509 and 6712 on Pico Hydro Type Cross-Flow Turbine by
Numerical Method. Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and
Thermal Sciences, Volume 45(1), pp. 116–127
Adanta, D.,
Hindami, R., Budiarso, Warjito, Siswantara, A.I., 2018b. Blade Depth
Investigation on Cross-flow Turbine by Numerical Method. In: The 4th
International Conference on Science and Technology (ICST), Yogyakarta,
Indonesia, pp. 1–6
Adhikari, R.C.,
Wood, D.H., 2017. A New Nozzle Design Methodology for High Efficiency Crossflow
Hydro Turbines. Energy for Sustainable Development, Volume 41, pp. 139–148
ANSYS Fluent, 2011.
Ansys Fluent Theory Guide. ANSYS Inc:
Canonsburg
Asian Development Bank,
2016. Indonesia Country Water
Assessment. ISBN 978-92-9257-360-7
(Print), 978-92-9257-361-4 (e-ISBN). Mandaluyong, Philippines
Chichkhede,
S., Verma, V., Gaba, V.K., Bhowmick, S., 2016. A Simulation Based
Study of Flow Velocities across Cross Flow Turbine at Different Nozzle Openings.
Procedia Technology, Volume 25, pp. 974–981
Fiuzat, A.A.,
Akerkar, B., 1989. The Use of Interior Guide Tube in Cross Flow Turbines. In:
Waterpower 1989: Proceedings of the International Conference on Hydropower,
Niagara Falls, NY, USA, pp. 21–26
Fiuzat, A.A.,
Akerkar, B.P., 1991. Power Outputs of Two Stages of Cross-Flow Turbine. Journal
of Energy Engineering, Volume 117(2), pp. 57–70
Frank, T., Lifante,
C., Prasser, H.-M., Menter, F., 2010. Simulation of Turbulent and Thermal
Mixing in T-Junctions using URANS and Scale-Resolving Turbulence Models in
ANSYS CFX. Nuclear Engineering and Design, Volume 240(9), pp.
2313–2328
Gunadi,
G.G.R., Siswantara, A.I., Budiarso. 2018. Turbulence Models Application in Air
Flow of Crossflow Turbine. International Journal of Technology, Volume 9(7),
pp. 1490–1497
International
Renewable Energy Agency, 2017. Renewable
Energy Prospects: Indonesia. Avalaibale Online at https://www.irena.org//media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2017/Mar/IRENA_REmap_Indonesia_report_2017.pdf,
Accesed on July 15, 2020
Kaygusuz, K., 2010.
Renewable Energy: Power for a Sustainable Future. Energy Exploration &
Exploitation, Volume 19(6), pp. 603–626
Khosrowpanah, S.,
Fiuzat A.A., Albertson M.L., 1988. Experimental Study of Cross-Flow Turbine. Journal
of Hydraulic Engineering, Volume 114(3), pp. 299–314
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Indonesia,
2018. Electrification Ratio. Jakarta,
Indonesia
Nakase, Y.,
Fukatomi, J., Watanaba, T., Suetsugu, T., Kubota, T., Kushimoto, S., 1982. A
Study of Cross-flow Turbine (Effects of Nozzle Shape on its Performance). In:
Proceedings of the ASME 103rd Winter Annual Meeting, Phoenix,
AZ, USA, pp. 14–19
Paish, O., 2002.
Small Hydro Power: Technology and Current Status. Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews, Volume 6(6), pp. 537–556
Phillips, T.S.,
Roy, C.J., 2014. Richardson Extrapolation-based Discretization Uncertainty
Estimation for Computational Fluid Dynamics. Journal of Fluids Engineering,
Volume 136(12), https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4027353
Sammartano, V.,
Aricò, C., Carravetta, A., Fecarotta, O., Tucciarelli, T., 2013. Banki-Michell
Optimal Design by Computational Fluid Dynamics Testing and Hydrodynamic
Analysis. Energies, Volume 6(5), pp. 2362–2385
Sinagra,
M., Sammartano, V., Aricò, C., Collura, A., Tucciarelli, T., 2014. Cross-Flow
Turbine Design for Variable Operating Conditions. Procedia Engineering,
Volume 70, pp. 1539–1548
Warjito., Budiarso.,
Kevin, C., Adanta, D., Prakoso, A.P., 2019. Computational Methods for
Predicting a Pico-Hydro Cross-Flow Turbine Performance. CFD Letters,
Volume 11(12), pp. 13–20
Zhao, G., Li, W., Zhu, J.,
2019. A Numerical Investigation of the Influence of Geometric Parameters on the
Performance of a Multi-Channel Confluent Water Supply. Energies, Volume
12(22), pp. 1–21