• International Journal of Technology (IJTech)
  • Vol 11, No 4 (2020)

Analyzing Land-Use Changes in Tourism Development Area: A Case Study of Cultural World Heritage Sites in Java Island, Indonesia

Analyzing Land-Use Changes in Tourism Development Area: A Case Study of Cultural World Heritage Sites in Java Island, Indonesia

Title: Analyzing Land-Use Changes in Tourism Development Area: A Case Study of Cultural World Heritage Sites in Java Island, Indonesia
Dyah Lestari Widaningrum, Isti Surjandari, Dodi Sudiana

Corresponding email:


Cite this article as:
Widaningrum, D.L., Surjandari, I., Sudiana, D., 2020. Analyzing Land-Use Changes in Tourism Development Area: A Case Study of Cultural World Heritage Sites in Java Island, Indonesia. International Journal of Technology. Volume 11(4), pp. 688-697

841
Downloads
Dyah Lestari Widaningrum Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
Isti Surjandari Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
Dodi Sudiana Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
Email to Corresponding Author

Abstract
Analyzing Land-Use Changes in Tourism Development Area: A Case Study of Cultural World Heritage Sites in Java Island, Indonesia

Tourism activities and infrastructure development, as responses to expectations from tourists, are generally considered to negatively influence ecosystem services, specifically at tourism sites. Some studies even show that the construction of any infrastructure, such as accommodation facilities and new roads, endangers the authenticity and integrity of World Heritage sites (WHS). Therefore, it is crucial to have insight into the characteristics of land use in tourism areas and the changes that occur, and to ensure ecosystems can continue to provide services. The purpose of this paper is to analyze changes in land use in the areas around tourism sites. This study developed a future land use simulation (FLUS) model to simulate land use changes based on spatial-temporal data on areas around tourist destinations in general and especially around WHS. The FLUS model was applied to simulate the land use changes in tourism development areas in the middle part of Java Island, Indonesia. This study selected six locational factors and three topographic factors to define the transition map outlining the probability of occurrence for conditions and topography on each land use map grid. The model improved using simulation from 2015 to 2018, with an accuracy of 89.99% and kappa coefficient of 0.8234. The FLUS model was further employed to simulate the land use changes from 2018 to 2036. The results of the analysis of land use change in tourism locations indicate a significant change from croplands to built-up areas. This analysis was conducted to provide information for policymakers and investors so that they can make the right decisions when developing the infrastructure development plan. Notably for areas whose economic sector is being developed, but also in particular, have areas that must be preserved.

Cellular automata; Land use; Simulation; Spatial-temporal; Tourism

Introduction

Tourism was identified as a leading sector in Indonesia's development in the 2015–2019 National Development Plan (RPJMN), with achievements in the 2019 report reaching the targets for indicators of contributions to GDP, foreign exchange, employment, the competitiveness index, and the number of domestic tourists (Ministry of Tourism, 2019). According to the World Economic Forum, Indonesia acquired a higher rank for the 2019 Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI), which increased two ratings compared to 2017 (Calderwood and Soshkin, 2019). This condition impacts various aspects of life, from the economy and people's welfare to the environment.

    Development and tourism activities have the potential to damage tourism sites, especially World Heritage sites (WHS), and endanger ecosystem services in general. The increase in tourism requires more space for facilities and activities, with a subsequent loss of natural ecosystems and their services (Lorilla et al., 2018). For example, based on satellite imagery data, it was found that the urban and agricultural areas increased in size around the largest historical tourist sites in Jordan (Ababneh et al., 2019). Changes in land use that occur due to population growth, infrastructural expansions, environmental pollution, and responses to tourist expectations, such as by constructing accommodation facilities (hotels, motels) or new roads, could lead to irreversible damage and ecological equilibrium disruption (Ayhan et al., 2020). The construction of infrastructure and transportation to support facilities and accommodations for tourism development induce vegetation deterioration and bring ecological risks (Yang et al., 2018). Various facilities that can support tourism activities tend to cluster (Widaningrum et al., 2017;  Widaningrum et al., 2018), resulting in an area with high social and economic interaction becoming even denser. Another study in a tourism-education and business city also showed a dependence on transportation facilities to fulfill community needs, although the availability and quality of these facilities still need to be improved (Purba et al., 2017). Tourism destinations included in the WHS categories are important to study. Despite the aim of increasing tourism flow at WHS, the government must also ensure that heritage sites in their administrative areas are protected and preserved under the mission of UNESCO's World Heritage Center (2018). Tourism activities and infrastructure development are considered to negatively influence tourism sites, specifically natural and cultural WHS properties in South-East Asia (UNESCO, 2012). Therefore, it is crucial to have an infrastructure development plan to support sustainable tourism and to ensure ecosystems can continue to provide services. Cities that cope with the challenges of both city development and tourism development have a greater opportunity to attain sustainability (Berawi, 2018).

   Appropriate planning requires detailed and accurate information to support the decision-making process. Current technological developments support the fulfillment of relevant data availability, including for spatial data. Spatial data are essential to gain knowledge about the spatial characteristics of an entity, as well as its relationship with other entities. The proximity characteristic refers to the first law of geography from Tobler (1970). The availability of spatial data allows for analyzing and simulating changes in land use to estimate the condition of land cover at a specific time, even for future timepoints.

        This study aims to analyze changes in land use in the areas around tourism sites. The analysis was conducted to provide information for policymakers and investors so that they can make the right decisions in the infrastructure development plan. Notably for areas whose economic sector is being developed, but also in particular, have areas that must be preserved. Employing spatial data from several sources, this study involved managing and conducting the initial processing with the geographical information system approach, using ArcGIS® Desktop 10.0 for Windows®. A future land use simulation (FLUS) model was developed to simulate land use changes based on spatial-temporal data on areas around tourist destinations in general and especially around cultural WHS. Previous studies showed that infrastructure development (including transportation facilities) and topographical conditions significantly affected changes in land use in tourism areas (including WHS). This study examined land use changes with the proximity of built-up areas, transportation facilities (airport, main road, railway station), tourism sites, and topographical factors (elevation, slope, aspect) as the driving factors using the artificial neural network (ANN) approach. The spatial data allocation of prediction results was carried out using the cellular automata (CA) approach. The results of the spatial allocation were used as a basic map for the analysis of the proximity between specified land use and tourism locations, which were managed in PostgreSQL. Proximity analysis utilized lines of code/SQL queries to search for spatial elements that were close to a specific perimeter surrounding each tourism site.

1.1. Spatial-Temporal Analysis

   Current economic conditions that are increasingly service-oriented and continuously changing require a modern analytical approach to decision-making that considers risk, such as modeling and simulation, and that also includes spatial and temporal contexts in its analysis (Chan, 2011). Tobler’s first law of geography states that ‘‘everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things” (Tobler, 1970). According to this law, the context of land use implies that the surroundings of a location are related to the land use at that location, but close surroundings have a stronger influence than more remote surroundings. The neighboring influence on land uses built into CA-based land use models based on the neighborhood effects (Vliet et al., 2009).

        Mas et al. (2014) previously compared CLUE-S, Dinamica EGO, and IDRISI, and one aspect emphasized was the process of determining land demand. Dinamica and IDRISI (CA_Markov and LCM) use the Markov matrix to calculate the quantity of land use change, while the CLUE-S model estimates the land use demand outside the model. The recently developed FLUS model has been widely used for land use change analysis since 2017. The FLUS model also uses both a CA approach and the ANN approach to identify the relationships between driving factors and land use patterns (Liu et al., 2017b). The FLUS and CLUE-S models can both be integrated with dynamic system simulation results, namely the land demand quantity, but the FLUS model also has tools to predict the amount of land demand using the Markov chain approach (Liang et al., 2018). Additionally, in the FLUS model, constraint growth or restricted areas can be integrated into the model. Based on these strengths, this study used the FLUS model as a basis for analyzing land changes in the tourism area.

Conclusion

    The FLUS model has acceptable accuracy in simulating land use changes from year to year. The locational factors—namely distance to the built-up area, to airport, to the main road, to the railway station, to tourism sites, and to WHS—together with topographic factors (elevation, slope, and aspect) are driving factors for land use change in this study. The simulation results of land use change showed a significant increase in the size of built-up areas from year to year. Another finding of concern in this study was the status of land use from tourism locations that encounter significant changes, from croplands to built-up areas, including cultural WHS.

    This study used the Markov chain simulation to predict land demands for each type of land use. The determination of land demands in this study has not yet considered the influence of social, economic, and environmental factors. Further research should consider these three factors and applying several scenarios to produce more information for policymakers. This analysis was conducted to provide information for policymakers and investors so that they can make the right decisions when formulating the infrastructure development plan. 

References

Ababneh, A., Al-Saad, S., Al-Shorman, A., AL Kharouf, R., 2019. Historical Tourist Attractions of Umm Qais, Jordan: GIS and Markov Chain Analyses. International Journal of Historical Archaeology, Volume 23(1), pp. 235–259

Ayhan, Ç.K., Cengi?z Ta?l?, T., Özkök, F., Tatl?, H., 2020. Land use Suitability Analysis of Rural Tourism Activities: Yenice, Turkey. Tourism Management, Volume 76, 103949

Berawi, M.A., 2018. Managing Sustainable Infrastructure and Urban Development: Shaping a Better Future for ASEAN. International Journal of Technology, Volume 9(7), pp. 1295–1298

Calderwood, L.U., Soshkin, M., 2019. The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2019: Travel and Tourism at a Tipping Point. Switzerland: World Economic Forum

Chan, Y., 2011. Location Theory and Decision Analysis. 2nd Edition, Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag

Landis, J.C., Koch, G.G., 1977. The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data. International Biometrics Society, Volume 33(1), pp. 159174

Liang, X., Liu, X., Li, D., Zhao, H., Chen, G., 2018. Urban Growth Simulation by Incorporating Planning Policies into a CA-based Future Land use Simulation Model. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, Volume 32(11), pp. 2294–2316

Liu, D., Zheng, X., Wang, H., Zhang, C., Li, J., Lv, Y., 2018. Interoperable Scenario Simulation of Land use Policy for Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region, China. Land Use Policy, Volume 75, pp. 155–165

Liu, X., Li, X., Liang, X., 2017a. GeoSOS-FLUS User ’ s Manual?: A Future Land Use Simulation Model by coupling Human and Natural Effects. Guangzhou: Sun Yat-Sen University

Liu, X., Liang, X., Li, X., Xu, X., Ou, J., Chen, Y., Li, S., Wang, S., Pei, F., 2017b. A Future Land use Simulation Model (FLUS) for Simulating Multiple Land use Scenarios by Coupling Human and Natural Effects. Landscape and Urban Planning, Volume 168, pp. 94–116

Lorilla, R.S., Poirazidis, K., Kalogirou, S., Detsis, V., Martinis, A., 2018. Assessment of the Spatial Dynamics and Interactions Among Multiple Ecosystem Services to Promote Effective Policy Making Across Mediterranean Island Landscapes. Sustainability, Volume 10(9), pp. 1–28

Mas, J.F., Kolb, M., Paegelow, M., Olmedo, M.T.C., Houet, T., 2014. Inductive Pattern-based Land Use/Cover Change Models: A Comparison of Four Software Packages. Environmental Modelling & Software, Volume 51, pp. 94–111

Ministry of Tourism, 2019. Ministry of Tourism Performance Accountability Report 2018. Republic of Indonesia: Ministry of Tourism

Purba, A., Nakamura, F., Herianto, D., Diana, I.W., Jafri, M., Niken, Ch., 2017. Transit System Service Quality in a Tourism-Education City and a Business City. International Journal of Technology, Volume 8(6), pp. 1159–1167

Tobler, W., 1970. A Computer Movie Simulating Urban Growth in the Detroit Region. Economic Geography, Volume 46, pp. 234–240

UNESCO, 2012. Understanding World Heritage in Asia and the Pacific: The Second Cycle of Periodic Reporting 2010-2012. Paris, France: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

UNESCO's World Heritage Center, 2018. UNESCO World Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Programme. Paris

Vliet, J., White, R., Dragicevic, S., 2009. Modeling Urban Growth using a Variable Grid Cellular Automaton. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, Volume 33(1), pp. 35–43

Widaningrum, D.L., Surjandari, I., Arymurthy, A.M., 2017. Spatial Data Utilization for Location Pattern Analysis. In: Procedia Computer Science, Volume 124, pp. 69–76

Widaningrum, D.L., Surjandari, I., Sudiana, D., 2018. Spatial Decision Tree Analysis to Identify Location Pattern. In: ACM International Conference Proceeding, pp. 422–429

Woodhead, R., 2018. Building a Smarter City. International Journal of Technology, Volume 9(7), pp. 1509–1517

Wu, M., Ren, X., Che, Y., Yang, K., 2015. A Coupled SD and CLUE-S Model for Exploring the Impact of Land Use Change on Ecosystem Service Value: A Case Study in Baoshan District, Shanghai, China. Environmental Management, Volume 56(2), pp. 402–419

Yang, X., Wang, J., Sun, X., Zhang, H., Li, N., Liu, J., 2018. Tourism Industry-driven Changes in Land Use and Ecological Risk Assessment at Jiuzhaigou UNESCO World Heritage Site. Journal of Spatial Science, Volume 63(2), pp. 341–358