Edible Coating for Beef Preservation from Chitosan Combined with Liquid Smoke
Corresponding email: mfaisal@unsyiah.ac.id
Published at : 16 Oct 2020
Volume : IJtech
Vol 11, No 4 (2020)
DOI : https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v11i4.4039
Desvita, H., Faisal, M., Mahidin, Suhendrayatna, 2020. Edible Coating for Beef Preservation from Chitosan Combined with Liquid Smoke. International Journal of Technology. Volume 11(4), pp. 817-829
| Hera Desvita | School of Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Jalan Tengku Syech Abdur Rauf No. 7, Darussalam, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia |
| Muhammad Faisal | Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Jalan Tengku Syech Abdur Rauf No.7, Darussalam, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia |
| Mahidin Mahidin | Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Jalan Tengku Syech Abdur Rauf No.7, Darussalam, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia |
| Suhendrayatna Suhendrayatna | Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Jalan Tengku Syech Abdur Rauf No.7, Darussalam, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia |
This study aims to
determine the effectiveness of chitosan (ch) combined with liquid smoke (Ls) as
an edible coating for beef preservation. The Ls used in this study was made
from rice hulls pyrolyzed at temperatures of 300° C
(T1), 340° C (T2), and 380° C (T3). An edible coating was made by dissolving ch levels of 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% (w/v)
into 3% Ls. Preservation was accomplished by soaking the beef in an edible
coating solution for 15 minutes and subsequently storing it in a refrigerator
(4–7°C); it was then observed every 24 hours. A food resistance test was
carried out using the total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) and organoleptic
(odor, color, and texture) tests. The odor value in the A4 sample (T1, 1.5% ch)
did not change after four days in storage. By comparison, the other samples
changed on the third day. Observations revealed that the beef texture did not
change until the fourth day in the A4 (T1, 1.5% ch) and C4 (T3, 1.5% ch)
samples. Color changes occurred in all samples on the fourth day, but the
panelists considered the color values in the C4 sample (pyrolysis temperature
380° C, 1.5% ch) to be acceptable until the ninth day. The quality of the beef
that was only preserved with Ls decreased faster than those preserved using a
combination of ch and Ls. The longer the storage time, the greater the produced
TVB-N value, indicating a reduction in beef freshness. The TVB-N value of the
beef preserved with a combination of ch and Ls was lower than the beef
preserved without ch. The TVB-N values ??significantly increased after four
days in storage. However, all samples remained fresh and met the
Indonesian National Standard for meat freshness, wherein the TVB-N values do not exceed 0.20 mgN/100g, until
the eighth day. The results revealed that edible coatings made from a
combination of ch and Ls can serve as alternative beef preservatives.
Chitosan, Edible coating, Liquid smoke, Rice hulls, Total volatile base
Chitosan (ch)-based edible coatings have seen wide use as preservatives for raw materials, such as beef, poultry, and other processed meat products. As a natural and cheap biopolymer produced from chitin, ch is often used for edible coating. During the deacetylation process, chitin-derived ch from shrimp and crabs consists of ?-(1-4)-2-acetamido-D-glucose and ?-(1-4)-2-amino-D-glucose units with antifungal and antimicrobial properties that are useful as composite materials and in cosmetics, biomedical fields, and food preservation (Abdou et al., 2008; Kusrini et al., 2014; Szymanska and Winnicka, 2015; HPS et al., 2016; Da silva Santos et al., 2017; Hanafiah et al., 2018). Ch possesses antibacterial and antioxidant properties that can be used as biodegradable packaging (Siripatrawan and Vitchayakitti., 2016).
In addition to its antibacterial properties, ch is stable, biodegradable, biocompatible, non-toxic, and relatively inexpensive (Ojagh et al., 2010; Balamurugan 2012; Pérez-Córdoba et al., 2018; Usman et al., 2018). Ch dissolves well in acidic compounds (pH<6.0) (Shariatinia, 2018) and does not dissolve in the neutral pH range. These properties make ch particularly suitable for the formulation of edible coatings. Thus far, the solvents used in ch include organic acids, such as formic acid, acetic acid, lactate, citric, and succinate, as well as inorganic solvents, including hydrochloric acid, nitrate, and phosphorus. Using 2.0% ch with the addition of 1.0% acetic acid can provide a strong barrier to oxygen, higher tensile strengths, and lower elongation, prolonging the shelf lives of sausages (Adzaly et al., 2016). Other, cheaper acid compounds can be used as alternatives to dissolve ch.
Liquid smoke (Ls) can be produced from biomass materials, such as rice hulls, by using the pyrolysis method (Abdullah et al., 2017). In recent years, rice hulls have primarily been used for silica (Dhaneswara et al., 2020), ash (Ramadhansyah et al., 2011), and exothermic material (Idamayanti et al., 2020). Ls has an acidic pH and can serve as a substitute for the more popular acetic acid. In addition to containing acetic acid, Ls comprises phenol compounds that have antibacterial and antioxidant properties (Faisal et al., 2017) that can replace glacial acetic acid. Ls can affect the odors, textures, colors, tastes, and shelf lives of food products. The low pH and phenol compounds in Ls can also damage bacterial cells and inhibit bacterial growth. Edible coatings have been produced by combining ch with various natural ingredients, such as mint (Kanatt et al., 2008), calcium gluconate (Hernandez-Munoz et al., 2008), rosemary extract (Xiao et al., 2010), cassava starch (Araújo et al., 2018), tapioca (Vásconez et al., 2009; Pratama et al., 2019), gelatin (Kumar et al., 2018; Yi et al., 2018), green tea extract (Apriyanti et al., 2018), spermidine, and glycerol (Sabbah et al., 2019). The combination of Ls and ch as an edible coating that is safe for health can also be used as an alternative natural preservative for maintaining the quality of food products.
The present
study’s results indicated that edible coatings of Ls from rice hulls that have
been modified with ch can be used as natural preservatives for beef. Edible
coatings can extend shelf life and affect organoleptic and TVB-N values. Beef
quality decreased four days after storage, regardless of whether ch had been
added. Beef with ch had a longer shelf life and better organoleptic and TVB-N
values than the samples without ch. Ch concentrations affected beef
preservation and its organoleptic values. Beef preserved with 1.5% ch had the
best organoleptic values of the observed samples, and it remained fresh up to
eight days after the beginning of storage.
The
authors would like to thank the Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia
and Universitas Syiah Kuala for funding this work.
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