The Roles of Candida tropicalis Toward Peptide and Amino Acid Changes in Cheese Whey Fermentation
Corresponding email: g.l.utama@unpad.ac.id
Published at : 16 Dec 2019
Volume : IJtech
Vol 10, No 8 (2019)
DOI : https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v10i8.3661
Dinika, I., Nurhadi, B., Masruchin, N., Balia, R.L., Utama, G.L., 2019. The Roles of Candida tropicalis Toward Peptide and Amino Acid Changes in Cheese Whey Fermentation . International Journal of Technology. Volume 10(8), pp. 1533-1540
| Isfari Dinika | Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung-Sumedang Highway Km. 21, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia |
| Bambang Nurhadi | Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung-Sumedang Highway Km. 21, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia |
| Nanang Masruchin | Research Center for Biomaterial LIPI, Indonesian Institute of Science. Jakarta-Bogor Highway Km. 47, Bogor 16911, Indonesia |
| Gemilang Lara Utama | 1. Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung-Sumedang Highway Km. 21, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia 2. Center for Environment and Sustainability Sc |
| Roostita L. Balia | Animal Product Technology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung-Sumedang Highway Km. 21, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia |
Whey
is a by-product of cheese processing and is comprised of nearly 90% of the milk
used. The protein content in cheese whey has the potential to create peptide
and amino acids which have a functional effect in biological activity. Peptides
and amino acids can be produced through fermentation with Candida tropicalis
into native whey from cheese whey. The study aims to determine fermentation
time in producing peptide and amino acid profiling in the fermentation of
native cheese whey by Candida tropicalis.
Cheese whey fermented with C. tropicalis was compared to a naturally
fermented cheese whey as control at an ambient temperature for 48 hours.
Peptide content identified by Folin–Ciocalteu methods and the amino acid
profile is determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Fermentation results showed that the maximum content of peptides needs a
24-hour fermentation in 10.42 ppm. Peptide content decreased with further
fermentation caused by the degradation of peptides into amino acids. The amino acids that increased were aspartate,
glutamate, threonine, valine, isoleucine, and lysine, while those that
decreased were serine, histidine, glycine, arginine, alanine, tyrosine, and
methionine.
Amino acid; Candida tropicalis; Native cheese whey; Peptide content
As a by-product of cheese
processing, whey can be harmful to the environment because of the value of
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) that can exceed 35,000 ppm and a Chemical
Oxygen Demand (COD) of more than 60,000 ppm. Based on that statement, the environmental
harm of 4,000 L of whey can be compared to 1,900 L of human feces (Smithers, 2008). In mozzarella cheese production, almost 90% of raw
materials become whey. As a result, 100 L of milk can produce 80–90 L of whey (Božani? et al., 2014). Based on the amount and the harmful effect to the
environment, whey as an agro-waste biomass needs to be handled before disposal (Hawashi et
al., 2019).
Despite being a
by-product, whey still has many nutritional benefits. Whey has 55% of the total
A mozzarella producer in Bandung District, KPBS Pangalengan, was one of the producers that can’t turn whey into whey powder. One utilization of whey that has seen some popularity is the conversion into bioethanol and liquid organic fertilizer. This process can reduce the BOD of whey to 1,920 ppm, with emissions of CO2 to 13.65% (422,219.67 kg/CO2eq/year), and results in a positive community perception toward the environmental, social, and economic impacts (Utama et al., 2019). For further research, the nutritional component in whey has the potential to be utilized in more ways. That’s because, besides nutrition, whey also has some functional properties derived from amino acids and peptides.
Amino
acids are protein monomers and peptides are components that contain two or more
amino acids which are bound together by peptide bonds (Dullius et
al., 2018). Essential amino acids in whey are higher than in eggs, casein, meat,
and soybeans (Smithers, 2008). The functional properties of essential and
nonessential amino acids are beneficial to human health, including the immune
system, neurological system, anti-oxidative responses, protein synthesis,
reproduction, and growth (Wu, 2010). Peptides in whey also have some functional
properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, anticancer,
opioid, and immunomodulatory functions (Dullius et
al., 2018). The presence of amino acids and peptides in whey can be enhanced by
enzymatic reactions.
As an
example of enzymatic reaction, fermentation needs several components such as a
carbon source (Febrianti et
al., 2017). Cheese whey has enough carbon with the presence of lactose, a
component that is widely used in bioprocess media needing a lactic
microorganism (Utama et al.,
2017a). Fermentation by microorganisms has shown to be a cost-effective
method and is widely used in the dairy industries (Daliri et
al., 2017).
Fermentation
of mozzarella whey can be accomplished with native yeast, because it lives
naturally in mozzarella whey (Hossain et
al., 2017). Six colonies were isolated from mozzarella cheese whey, three of them
were identified as C. tropicalis and the rest were two isolates of Trichosporon
beigelii, and one isolate of Blastoschizomyces capitatus (Balia et al.,
2018). Therefore, C. tropicalis is the native yeast from mozzarella
whey and has the potential to create the enzymatic reaction (Utba et al.,
2018). C. tropicalis produces several proteinase and peptides can be
produced by secretions of aspartyl proteinases families such as pepsin,
cathepsin, and chymosin (Balia et al.,
2018; Utba et al., 2018).
The
fermentation time and the peptide-amino profile during fermentation need to be observed.
The longer the fermentation, the more peptides will be converted into amino
acids because of further enzymatic activity (Wang et al.,
2017). The yeast released its proteolytic compounds into the protein
material to discharge peptides and amino acids from the parent proteins (Daliri et
al., 2017). The approximation of amino acids during protein hydrolysis didn’t
allow for adequate evaluation of the concentration change to have the option to
analyze hydrolysis and fermentation rates (Duong et al.,
2019). Therefore, the research aimed to determine the optimal fermentation
time in producing peptides and observed the amino acid profiles in native
cheese whey before and after fermentation.
Natural cheese whey fermentation with C.
tropicalis can produce maximum amounts of peptides in 24 hours. The amino
acid profile after fermentation decreased all amino acids observed except
isoleucine. Fermentation without the addition of C. tropicalis continued
to increase and showed no peak in peptides until the 48-hour mark. The amino
acid profile produced showed an increase in aspartate, glutamate, threonine,
valine, isoleucine, and lysine and a decrease in serine, histidine, glycine,
arginine, alanine, tyrosine, and methionine.
Authors would like to thank the
Ministry of Research Technology and Higher Education that provided the research
fund within the scheme of “Penelitian Tesis Magister” 2019 with the
contract number of 1637/UN.6N/LT/2019, and The Rector of Universitas
Padjadjaran for the Academic Leadership Grant. Authors would also to thank KPBS
Pangalengan for kindly giving us permit for research, as well as Rudi Adi
Saputra, Faysa Utba, Vivi Fadila Sari and Syarah Virgina for helping the authors
in carrying out and obtaining research data.
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