Effect of NaCl Addition on Nano Rosette Tio2 Crystal Growth during Hydrothermal Deposition
Corresponding email: nofrijon.sofyan@ui.ac.id
Published at : 25 Nov 2019
Volume : IJtech
Vol 10, No 6 (2019)
DOI : https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v10i6.3630
Sofyan, N., Ridhova, A., Yuwono, A.H., Sianturi, M.C., 2019. Effect of NaCl Addition on Nano Rosette Tio2 Crystal Growth during Hydrothermal Deposition. International Journal of Technology. Volume 10(6), pp. 1235-1242
| Nofrijon Sofyan | Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia |
| Aga Ridhova | Research Center for Metallurgy and Materials, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Tangerang Selatan, Banten 15314, Indonesia |
| Akhmad Herman Yuwono | Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia |
| Marshall C. Sianturi | Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia |
The effect of NaCl on the
crystal growth of nano rosette TiO2 hydrothermally grown on a glass
substrate was examined. Nano rosette TiO2 was synthesized through
deposition on a glass substrate via hydrothermal reaction at 170°C for 6 hours.
The effect of NaCl on nano rosette TiO2 crystal growth during the
hydrothermal process was observed through the addition of concentrations of 0,
2.5, 5, and 10% v/v NaCl to the mixture of the precursors. Formation and growth
of the crystal were characterized using X-ray diffraction, whereas morphology
was examined using a scanning electron microscope. X-ray diffractograms
revealed that the crystal belonged to rutile P42/mnm with lattice
parameters of a = 4.557(6) Å and c = 2.940(5) Å. Morphology of
the reaction product showed that the addition of NaCl inhibited the crystal
growth of nano rosette TiO2 with an average rosette petal
cross-sectional size 80% smaller than that of the crystal grown with no NaCl
addition.
Hydrothermal; Nano rosette; Nanoscale; Sodium chloride; Titanium dioxide
In current advanced materials development,
nanomaterials are attracting the attention of many researchers due to inherent
properties resulting from the physicochemical changes of a substance at
nanoscale. Nanoscale building blocks, specifically in the forms of 3D
architectures of hierarchical nanostructures such as nanowires (Zhu et al.,
2018), nanorods (Govindaraj
et al., 2017), nanosheets (Zhong et
al., 2015) and nanoflowers (Ma et al.,
2017), have become the focus,
receiving closer attention due to their unique properties and promising
applications in many areas (Banfield
& Veblen, 1992).
For a long time, Titanium dioxide or TiO2 has been the subject of intensive research because of its unique properties with promising application in numerous areas. Titanium dioxide is also known for its polymorphic characteristic, in which it may have several crystal structures, including brookite, anatase, and rutile crystal structures (Khan et al., 2017). Due to these unique properties, not only has it been used tremendously in conventional applications such as white pigment in paint, food coloring, and personal care products (Bai & Zhou, 2014), but it has also been used as advanced materials for sensors (Nakata & Fujishima, 2012), photocatalysts (Xie et al., 2009; Liang et al., 2017; Longoni et al., 2017; Rahman et al., 2018), dye-sensitized solar cells (Sofyan et al., 2017; Sofyan et al., 2019), perovskite solar cells (Dahl et al., 2014), and batteries (Saif et al., 2012).
The use of 3D nanostructures TiO2
in the form of hierarchical flower-like TiO2 nanostructures has
recently increased due to their excellent optical, electrical, and electronic
properties with promising use in many applications (Bu et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2018). As a result, many investigators
have put their efforts into improving methods in synthesizing 3D flower-like
nanostructure TiO2. For example, TiO2 with 3D nano-flower
hierarchical structures has been proven to enhance its photocatalytic property (Zhou et al., 2013; Bu et al., 2015). In separate work, Xiao et al. (2017) and Govindasamy et al. (2016) have reported
that the use of a combination of TiO2 compact layers with the growth
of TiO2 nanorods as an electron transporting layer has improved the
performance of perovskite solar cells.
Despite its promising use in many
applications, there are still many problems in synthesizing flower-like
structure TiO2, such as homogeneity and coverage area, in the case
of the deposition process. There are also very few references that discuss the
direct synthesis of rutile TiO2 with high homogeneity, especially in
the form of rutile nano rosette TiO2. Another problem comes from the
fact that, if the deposition can have a high coverage area and be homogeneous,
the crystal might grow uncontrolled and thus result in quite large crystal
size. Because of this, during the process, growth needs to be controlled.
In this work, 3D hierarchical nano
rosette TiO2 has been grown via a hydrothermal process on a glass
substrate with enhanced homogeneity and coverage area, whilst at the same time
offering a controllable crystal growth during the synthesis, resulting in a controlled
size of nano rosette TiO2. The characteristics of the nano rosette
TiO2 from the reaction products in different controlled environments
using sodium chloride (NaCl) at different concentrations on crystal formation
and growth during the hydrothermal deposition are presented and discussed.
The effect of hydrothermal reaction time and NaCl
addition on the characteristics of nano rosette TiO2 crystal growth
during hydrothermal reaction has been examined. With no addition of NaCl, the
nano rosette forms at full growth indicated by high intensity of the crystal
structure indexed to rutile P42/mnm with lattice parameters of a
= 4.557(6) Å and c = 2.940(5) Å. The cross-sectional rosette petal grew
up to 250 nm. On the contrary, with the addition of NaCl, the crystal growth
during hydrothermal reaction could be controlled. In this work, with the
addition of 2.5% v/v NaCl, the cross-sectional rosette size was only of about
50 nm, 80% smaller than that of the crystal grown with no NaCl addition.
This work was funded by the
Directorate of Research and Community Services (DRPM) Universitas Indonesia
under Hibah PITTA No. 2504/UN2.R3.1/HKP.05.00/2018.
| Filename | Description |
|---|---|
| MME-3630-20191015134155.pdf | Copyright form |
| MME-3630-20191015134222.pdf | Response to reviewers |
| MME-3630-20191015134326.pdf | Cover Letter |
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