Published at : 25 Jan 2021
Volume : IJtech
Vol 12, No 1 (2021)
DOI : https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v12i1.3537
Himawan Tri Bayu Murti Petrus | 1. Sustainable Mineral Processing Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Grafika No. 2 Kampus UGM Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indone |
Muhammad Olvianas | Sustainable Mineral Processing Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Grafika No. 2 Kampus UGM Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia |
Widi Astuti | Research Unit for Mineral Technology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Jl. Ir. Sutami Km. 15, Tanjung Bintang, Lampung Selatan, Indonesia |
Muhammad Istiawan Nurpratama | PT. Geo Dipa Energi (Persero) Unit Dieng, Jl. Dieng RT. 01/ RW. 01, Area Industri, Sikunang, Banjarnegara, Kabupaten Wonosobo, Jawa Tengah 56354, Indonesia |
Bentonite; Geopolymer; Geothermal silica; Response surface design; Valorization.
Geopolymers can be produced by combining various solid aluminosilicate materials with a mixture of high concentrations of alkaline hydroxide and silicate solution (Hajimohammadi et al., 2008). Geopolymer possesses a three-dimensional structure that consists of an amorphous polymeric Si-O-Al framework (Hajimohammadi et al., 2010). These materials can be categorized as eco-friendly in comparison with Portland cement in terms of CO2 emission during the production process (Duxson et al., 2007; Hajimohammadi et al., 2008). Geopolymers exhibit excellent physical properties, such as relatively high mechanical strength, resistance to an acid environment, and heat resistance (Nurjaya et al., 2015) and possesses low thermal conductivity (Skvara et al., 2005; Duxson et al., 2007). Having those excellent properties, geopolymer has been recognized as a promising technology to substitute conventional cement in the construction industry and as a new method to utilize industrial and radioactive waste (Xua and van Deventer, 2003). Raw materials for geopolymer synthesis are varied and include fly ash, bottom ash, natural clays, and minerals, as well as metal slags (Heath et al., 2014; Ashadi et al., 2015). Many studies have concentrated on fly ash-based geopolymer due to its chemical suitability and relative abundant availability (Zhang et al., 2012). Fly ash and metakaolinite, which are classified as calcined materials, have a faster dissolution and gelation and exhibit higher compressive strength (Xua and van Deventer, 2003; Skvara et al., 2005). Recently, there has been a new trend to use a different source of aluminosilicate precursors, instead of fly ash, for geopolymerization (Perná et al., 2014). Xua and van Deventer (2003) studied the geopolymerization process using different sources of material (kaolinite, albite, and fly ash). Mixing these source materials can produce geopolymers of a higher mechanical strength. Alshaaer (2013) showed that additional immersion of kaolinite-based geopolymer in 6 M of alkaline solution for 1 hour can modify the geopolymer surface and enhance its compressive strength. Red mud and bauxite have also been utilized as geopolymer materials (Hairi et al., 2015).
Moreover, geothermal silica can also potentially be used as a geopolymer precursor due to its reactivity. At the geothermal power plant operated by PT. Geodipa Energy in Dieng, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia, approximately 250 tons of geothermal silica (inset of Figure 1a) are removed from the process equipment, collected in sedimentation ponds, and then dumped into landfills. The study of geopolymerization using geothermal silica is still lacking. Previous studies have presented the effect of a single variable on geopolymerization using a mixture of geothermal silica-kaolinite and geothermal silica-bentonite (Olvianas et al., 2015; Petrus et al., 2016). However, the effect of combined variables and associated optimization studies have not been reported. To analyze the various factors of geopolymerization, this study adopted response surface methodology (RSM). RSM is a statistical technique for process evaluation and optimization used in industries and research fields to control process response or independent variables (Dhakal et al., 2014; Ferdana et al., 2018; Petrus et al., 2020; Januardi and Widodo, 2020). It has been used in the field of geopolymer and concrete to optimize various parameters (Dhakal et al., 2014; ?im?ek et al., 2015; Gao et al., 2016; Mohammed et al., 2018). To this end, the present work was conducted to optimize the compressive strength of geopolymer material from a mixture of geothermal silica and bentonite. The combined effect of silica content, NaOH molarity, and curing temperature were investigated using a full two-level factorial design in RSM. The effect of a single variable on the chemical bond and microstructure was also observed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy-coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS).
A geopolymer has been
successfully produced by using geothermal silica and bentonite. Its
characterization using FTIR and SEM-EDS showed that the aluminosilicate
structure was formed in all prepared samples. The effects of combined variables
have been studied and optimized using the RSM technique. The geopolymerization
rate can be accelerated using the lower level of geothermal silica and the high
level of NaOH molarity and curing temperature. Based on optimization studies,
the coefficient of correlation (R2) obtained was 99.89%. The optimum
formulation (desirability value = 0.99) for geopolymer production from
geothermal silica and bentonite is using 136 g of silica content, 10 M of NaOH
molarity, and 80°C of curing temperature. At the optimum condition, the
compressive strength was 7.73 MPa.
This
research was financially supported by AUN-SEED-Net JICA Common Regional Issues
(CRC) 2016. The authors also acknowledge PT. Geodipa Energy, Dieng for providing
geothermal silica, Unconventional Georesources Research Center, UGM and LIPI'
Science Services for Research Laboratories for supporting this research.
Filename | Description |
---|---|
R3-CE-3537-20200829120848.pdf | --- |
Alshaaer, M., 2013.
Two-Phase Geopolymerization of Kaolinite-Based Geopolymers. Applied
Clay Science, Volume 86, pp. 162–168 Ashadi, H.W., Aprilando,
B.A., Astutiningsih, S., 2015. Effects of Steel Slag Substitution in Geopolymer
Concrete on Compressive Strength and Corrosion Rate of Steel Reinforcement in
Seawater and an Acid Rain Environment. International
Journal of Technology, Volume 6(2), pp. 227–235 Bezerra, M.A., Santelli,
R.E., Oliveira, E.P., Villar, L.S., Escaleira, L.A., 2008. Response Surface
Methodology (RSM) as a Tool for Optimization in Analytical Chemistry. Talanta, Volume 76(5), pp. 965–977 Bing-hui, M., Zhu, H.,
Xue-min, C., Yan, H., Si-yu, G., 2014. Effect of Curing Temperature on
Geopolymerization of Metakaolin-Based Geopolymers. Applied Clay Science, Volume 99, pp. 144–148 Deb, P.S., Sarker, P.K.,
Barbhuiya, S., 2015. Effects of Nano-Silica on the Strength Development of
Geopolymer Cured at Room Temperature. Construction
and Building Materials, Volume 101(1), pp. 675–683 Dhakal, M., Kupwade-Patil,
K., Allouche, E.N., la Baume Johnson, C.C., Ham, K., 2014. Optimization and Characterization of Geopolymer Mortars using Response
Surface Methodology. In: Developments in Strategic Materials and
Computational Design IV, Kriven, W. M., Wang, J., Zhou, Y., Gyekenyesi, A. L.
(Eds.), John Wiley and Sons, pp. 135–149 Dhaneswara,
D., Fatriansyah, J.F., Situmorang, F.W., Haqoh, A.N., 2020. Synthesis of
Amorphous Silica from Rice Husk Ash: Comparing HCl and CH3COOH
Acidification Methods and Various Alkaline Concentrations. International Journal of Technology, Volume 11(1), pp. 200–208 Duxson, P., Fernández-Jiménez,
A., Provis, J.L., Luckey, G.C., Palomo, A., van Deventer, J.S.J., 2007.
Geopolymer Technology: The Current State of the Art. Journal of Material Science, Volume 42, pp. 2917–2933 Ferdana, A.D., Petrus,
H.T.B.M., Bendiyasa, I.M., Prijambada, I.D., Hamada, F., Sachiko, T., 2018,
Optimization of Gold Ore Sumbawa Separation using Gravity Method: Shaking Table.
AIP Conference Proceedings, Volume 1945, p. 020070 Fernández-Jiménez, A.,
Palomo, A., 2005. Mid-Infrared Spectroscopic Studies of Alkali-Activated Fly
Ash Structure. Microporous and Mesoporous
Materials, Volume 86(1-3), pp. 207–214 Gao, Y., Xu, J., Luo,
X., Zhu, J., Nie, L., 2016. Experiment Research on Mix Design and Early
Mechanical Performance of Alkali-Activated Slag using Response Surface
Methodology (RSM). Ceramic International,
Volume 42(10), pp. 11666–11673 Gomez-Zamorano, L.Y., Vega-Cordero,
E., Struble, L., 2016, Composite Geopolymers of Metakaolin and Geothermal
Nanosilica Waste. Construction and
Building Materials, Volume 115, pp. 269–276 Hajimohammadi, A., Provis,
J.L., van Deventer, J.S.J., 2008. One-Part Geopolymer Mixes from Geothermal
Silica and Sodium Aluminate. Industrial
& Engineering Chemistry Research, Volume 47(23), pp. 9396–9405 Hajimohammadi, A., Provis,
J.L., van Deventer, J.S.J., 2010. Effect of Alumina Release Rate on the
Mechanism of Geopolymer Gel Formation. Chemistry
of Materials, Volume 22(18), pp. 5199–5208 Hairi, S.N.M., Jameson,
G.N.L., Rogers, J.J., MacKenzie, K.J.D., 2015. Synthesis and Properties of
Inorganic Polymers (Geopolymers) Derived from Bayer Process Residue (Red Mud)
And Bauxite. Journal of Material Science,
Volume 50, pp. 7713–7724 Hassan, I., Peterson,
R.C., Grundy, H.D., 1985. The Structure of Lazurite, Ideally Na6Ca2(Al6Si6O24)S2,
a Member of the Sodalite Group. Acta
Crystallographica Section C, Volume 41, pp. 827–832 Heath, A., Paine, K.,
McManus, M., 2014. Minimising the Global Warming Potential of Clay-Based
Geopolymers. Journal of Cleaner
Production, Volume 78, pp. 75–83 Januardi, J., Widodo,
E., 2020, Response Surface Methodology of Dual-Channel Green Supply-Chain
Pricing Model by Considering Uncertainty. Supply
Chain Forum: An International Journal, DOI: 10.1080/16258312.2020.1788904, pp.
1–12 Król, M., Minkiewicz,
J., Mozgawa, W., 2016. IR Spectroscopy Studies of Zeolites in Geopolymeric
Materials Derived from Kaolinite. Journal
of Molecular Structure, Volume 1126, pp. 200–206 Mohammed, B.S., Khed,
V.C., Nuruddin, M.F., 2018. Rubbercrete Mixture Optimization using Response
Surface Methodology. Journal Cleaner
Production, Volume 171, pp. 1605–1621 Montgomery, D.C., 2013.
Design and Analysis of Experiments 8th
ed., New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Nurjaya, D.M., Astutiningsih,
S., Zulfia, A., 2015, Thermal Effect on Flexural Strength of Geopolymer Matrix
Composite with Alumina and Wollastonite as Fillers. International Journal of Technology, Volume 6(3), pp. 462–470 Olvianas, M., Najmina,
M., Prihardana, B.S.L., Sutapa, F.A.K.G.P., Nurhayati, A., Petrus, H.T.B.M.,
2015. Study on the Geopolymerization of Geothermal Silica and Kaolinite. Advanced Materials Research, Volume
1112, pp. 528–532 Perná, I., Hanzlí?ek,
T., Šupová, M., 2014. The Identification of Geopolymer Affinity in Specific
Cases of Clay Materials. Applied Clay
Science, Volume 102, pp. 213–219 Petrus, H.T.B.M., Hulu,
J., Dalton, G.S.P., Malinda, E., Prakosa, R.A., 2016. Effect of Bentonite
Addition on Geopolymer Concrete from Geothermal Silica. Materials Science Forum, Volume 841, pp. 7–15 Petrus, H.T.B.M.,
Putra, A.E., Gustiana, H.S.A., Prasetya, A., Bendiyasa, I.M., Astuti, W., 2020,
Gold Leaching from Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) as one of the Urban Mine
Resources using Thiosulphate: Optimization using Response Surface Methodology
(RSM). In: IOP Conference Series:
Materials Science and Engineering, Volume 778, pp. 012166 Provis, J.L., Lukey,
G.C., van Deventer, J.S.J., 2005. Do Geopolymers Actually Contain
Nanocrystalline Zeolites? A Reexamination of Existing Results. Chemistry of Materials, Volume 17, pp.
3075–3085 Skvara, F., Jilek, T.,
Kopecky, L., 2005. Geopolymer Material based on Fly Ash. Ceramics-Silikáty, Volume 49(3), pp.
195–204 van Deventer, J.S.J.,
Provis, J.L., Duxson, P., Lukey, G.C., 2007. Reaction Mechanisms in the
Geopolymeric Conversion of Inorganic Waste to Useful Products. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Volume
139(3), pp. 506–513 Xua, H., van Deventer,
J.S.J., 2003. Effect of Source Materials on Geopolymerization. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry
Research, Volume 42(8) pp. 1698–1706 Ye, N., Yang, J.,
Liang, S., Hu, Y., Hu, J., Xiao, B., Huang, Q., 2016, Synthesis and Strength
Optimization of One-Part Geopolymer based on Red Mud. Construction and Building Materials, Volume 111, pp. 317–325 Zhang, Z., Wang, H.,
Provis, J.L., 2012. Quantitative Study of the Reactivity of Fly Ash in
Geopolymerization by FTIR. Journal of
Sustainable Cement-Based Materials, Volume 1(4), pp. 154–166
?im?ek,
B., Iç, Y.T., ?im?ek, E.H., 2015. A RSM-Based Multi-Response Optimization
Application for Determining Optimal Mix Proportions of Standard Ready-Mixed
Concrete. Arabian Journal for Science and
Engineering, Volume 41, pp. 1435–1450