Effects of Photo-oxidation on the Properties of Hemp Office Papers
Corresponding email: ivana.plazonic@grf.unizg.hr
Published at : 21 Apr 2020
Volume : IJtech
Vol 11, No 2 (2020)
DOI : https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v11i2.3196
Plazonic, I., Džimbeg-Malcic, V., Bates, I., Barbaric-Mikocevic, Z., 2020. Effects of Photo-oxidation on the Properties of Hemp Office Papers. International Journal of Technology. Volume 11(2), pp. 215-224
| Ivana Plazonic | Faculty of Graphic Arts, University of Zagreb, Getaldi?eva 2, Zagreb, 10 000, Croatia |
| Vesna Džimbeg-Malcic | Faculty of Graphic Arts, University of Zagreb, Getaldi?eva 2, Zagreb, 10 000, Croatia |
| Irena Bates | Faculty of Graphic Arts, University of Zagreb, Getaldi?eva 2, Zagreb, 10 000, Croatia |
| Željka Barbaric-Mikocevic | Faculty of Graphic Arts, University of Zagreb, Getaldi?eva 2, Zagreb, 10 000, Croatia |
This research observes changes in the properties of
commercially available hemp office papers exposed to photo-oxidation for
artificial aging. In order to accelerate the changes that naturally occur in
paper, photo-oxidation was performed using a Xenon light source. The
electromagnetic radiation was administered in doses of 550?W/m2 over
24 hours with a temperature of 60°C. Three types of hemp office papers that
differ in chemical composition and manufacturing process were used as samples.
The strength properties (tensile index, elongation at break, tear index),
surface properties (Bendtsen roughness, Bekk smoothness), pH of paper extracts,
and optical properties were observed. The listed properties of artificially
aged samples were compared to those of unaged commercial paper samples. The
results show that, after only 24 hours, accelerated aging with a Xenon arc lamp
affects all observed paper properties. For all analyzed office papers, the
values of the tensile index, Bekk smoothness, and pH of paper extracts
decreased, while the values of elongation break, tear index, and Bendtsen
roughness increased due accelerated aging. Regarding the CIE L*a*b* color space
value, lightness (L*) generally decreased after the aging treatment, and all
paper samples became less reddish (a* decreased) and more yellow (b*
increased). The obtained results of this research reveal that pulp with hemp
fibers can produce higher-quality office paper that is more stable against
light and temperature influences than those made with post-consumer fibers.
However, to increase the durability of manufactured paper, hemp fibers must be
bleached.
Accelerated aging; Hemp; Office paper; Xenon light source
About 92% of
global paper production processes depend upon wood as a traditional raw
material (Fahmy et al., 2017). However, wood
fiber sources are insufficient, and additional fiber is needed in the paper
industry (Miao et al., 2014). Many non-wood
plants are used as alternative sources only on an experimental basis, although
some are used in commercial paper mills. Generally, straw is the largest source
of non-wood ?ber in the world, but cotton, hemp, sisal, and kenaf are becoming
increasingly important sources as well. Despite the wide variety of cellulose
fibers from different origins, it is very important that the fiber selected for
production provides paper of the required quality. Therefore, many researchers
have blended fiber pulp to achieve the desired properties of paper (Tripathi et al., 2013; Nassar et al., 2015).
Due to its low tetrahydrocannabinol content (? 0.2%), Cannabis
sativa has potential for hemp cellulose
pulp and paper production (Danielewicz and Surma-?lusarska, 2010; Miao et al., 2014). The hemp used
for the pulp and paper industries features strong and long
Regardless of the origin of the cellulose fibers used
in the paper industry, from the moment of its production, paper is subject to a
natural aging process. The aging process can be defined as a sum of all the
irreversible chemical and physical processes that occur in organic materials
slowly over time. The stability of paper during the aging process is largely
determined by its composition and manufacturing process. Paper components can
be classified by their origin, chemical structure, and function as fibers
(composed mainly of cellulose but also of lignin, hemicelluloses, and other
minor constitutes), mineral particles (calcium carbonate, kaolin, talc, etc.),
natural sizing agents (e.g., starch or rosin) or synthetic ones (e.g., alkyl
ketene dimer and alkenyl succinic anhydride), colorants, and other substances (Area and Cheradame, 2011). Only light that is
absorbed by a molecule is effective for producing chemical changes. During the
natural process of paper aging, pure cellulose does not absorb visible light
(over 400 nm), but strongly absorbs ultraviolet (UV) light (under 200 nm).
Residues of hemicellulose and other impurities are always present in the
cellulose fibers used for commercial-grade papers. Hemicellulose exhibits
similar behavior to cellulose, and lignin strongly absorbs in the UV and
visible regions (Zervos, 2010). After light
absorption, paper, as a printing substrate, may generate chromospheres (e.g.,
formaldehyde, furan, methoxy quinone, and stilbene) in acid and undergo
alkaline hydrolysis and photo-oxidation degradation, which result in paper
discoloration (Cui and Chen, 2011). To
evaluate the permanence and durability of paper based on its chemical
composition, different methods of accelerated aging have been used by
researchers. Most of these methods include elevated temperature and constant
humidity (moist or dry, depending on the method). Temperatures are between 60°C
and 105°C; higher temperatures cannot be applied for testing since the higher
the temperature, the more uncertain becomes the extrapolation to ambient
conditions (Eckhart, 2014). However,
accelerated aging of paper can just partially reproduce the natural aging
mechanisms such as hydrolysis, oxidation, and photodeterioration (Zervos, 2010).
The main conclusions are drawn from the experimental
results obtained from exposing hemp office papers to artificial aging by
photo-oxidation. The analysis results indicate that hemp fibers can produce
high-quality office papers that are more stable against light and temperature
influences than those made with post-consumer fibers. However, to increase the
durability of manufactured papers, hemp fibers must be bleached. A main purpose
of bleaching the pulp is to remove the residual lignin and chromophores inside
the pulp, which efficiently absorb UV radiation and cause paper degradation.
This
work was supported by the University of Zagreb.
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