Preparation and Characterization of Alginate Beads by Drop Weight
Corresponding email: suffian@eng.usm.my
Published at : 07 Jul 2014
Volume : IJtech
Vol 5, No 2 (2014)
DOI : https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v5i2.409
Kamaruddin, M.A., Yusoff, M.S., Aziz, H.A., 2014. Preparation and Characterization of Alginate Beads by Drop Weight. International Journal of Technology. Volume 5(2), pp. 121-132
| Mohamad Anuar Kamaruddin | School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia |
| Mohd Suffian Yusoff | School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia |
| Hamidi Abdul Aziz | School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia |
The preparation and characterization of macro alginate beads are always associated with appropriate techniques involving precise measurement of shape, size, volume and density of the products. Depending on the type of application, encapsulation of macro alginate beads can be accomplished by various techniques including chemical, ionotropic, physical and mechanical methods. This work describes a method for preparing macro alginate beads through drop weight. The macro beads (2.85–3.85 mm) were prepared via different concentrations of alginate (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 g/L), dripping tip size (0.04–0.14 cm) and immersion into a predetermined concentration of calcium chloride (CaCl2) bath. A custom made dripping vessel fabricated from acrylic plastic, connected to an adjustable dripping clamp was used to simulate the dripping process of the molten alginate at different tip sizes. It was observed that at different dripping tips, the correction factor for the alginate slurry was found in the range of 0.73–0.83. Meanwhile, the lost factor, KLF was observed at 0.93–2.3 and the shrinkage factors were limited to 2.00% from the overall distributed data. It was concluded that liquid properties had no effect on the liquid lost factor. The bead size prediction for different concentrations of alginate solution was compared to the experimental data. Subsequently, it was concluded that increasing the tip size caused the bead size to deviate almost 20% when compared to the experimental and predicted values, respectively.
Alginate, Bead, Calcium, Encapsulation, Harkin-Brown
Al-Hajry, H.A., Al-Maskry, S.A., Al-Kharousi, L.M., El-Mardi, O., Shayya, W.H., Goosen,
MFA., 1999. Electrostatic Encapsulation and Growth of Plant Cell Cultures in Alginate.
Biotechnology Progress, Volume 15, pp. 768?774
Babak, V.G., Skotnikova, E.A., Lukina, I.G., Pelletier, S., Hubert, P., Dellacherie, E., 2000.
Hydrophobically Associating Alginate Derivatives: Surface Tension Properties of Their
Yusoff et al. 131
Mixed Aqueous Solutions with Oppositely Charged Surfactants. Journal of Colloid and
Interface Science, Volume 225, pp. 505?510
Campbell, J., 1970. Surface Tension Measurement by the Drop Weight Technique. Journal of
Physics D: Applied Physics, Volume 3, pp. 1499
Chan, E.-S., Lee, B.-B., Ravindra, P., Poncelet, D., 2009. Prediction Models for Shape and Size
of Ca-alginate Macrobeads Produced through Extrusion–dripping Method. Journal of
Colloid and Interface Science, Volume 338, pp. 63?72
Chan, E.S., Yim, Z.H., Phan, S.H., Mansa, R.F., Ravindra, P., 2010. Encapsulation of Herbal
Aqueous Extract through Absorption with Ca-alginate Hydrogel Beads. Food and
Bioproducts Processing, Volume 88, pp. 195?201
Chen, J.H., Xing, H.T., Guo, H.X., Li, G.P., Weng, W., Hu, S.R., 2013. Preparation,
Characterization and Adsorption Properties of a Novel 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane
Functionalized Sodium Alginate Porous Membrane Adsorbent for Cr(III) Ions. Journal of
Hazardous Materials, Volume 248–249, pp. 285?294
Cheraghali, R., Tavakoli, H., Sepehrian, H., 2013. Preparation, Characterization and Lead
Sorption Performance of Alginate-SBA-15 Composite as a Novel Adsorbent. Scientia
Iranica, Volume 20, pp. 1028?1034
Chrastil, J., 1991. Gelation of Calcium Alginate. Influence of Rice Starch or Rice Flour on the
Gelation Kinetics and on the Final Gel Structure. Journal of Agricultural and Food
Chemistry, Volume 39, pp. 874?876
Daemi, H., Barikani, M., 2012. Synthesis and Characterization of Calcium Alginate
Nanoparticles, Sodium Homopolymannuronate Salt and its Calcium Nanoparticles. Scientia
Iranica, Volume 19, pp. 2023?2028
Dohnal, J., Št?pánek, F., 2010. Inkjet Fabrication and Characterization of Calcium Alginate
Microcapsules. Powder Technology, Volume 200, pp. 254?259
Harkins, W.D., Brown, F., 1919. The Determination of Surface Tension (Free Surface Energy),
and the Weight of Falling Drops: The Surface Tension of Water and Benzene by the
Capillary Height Method. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Volume 41, pp.
?524
Kim, K.H., Keller, A.A., Yang, J.K., 2013. Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solution
using a Novel Composite of Recycled Materials. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical
and Engineering Aspects, Volume 425, pp. 6?14
Klöck, G., Pfeffermann, A., Ryser, C., Gröhn, P., Kuttler, B., Hahn, H.J., Zimmermann, U.,
Biocompatibility of Mannuronic Acid-rich Alginates. Biomaterials, Volume 18, pp.
?713
Klokk, T.I., Melvik, J.E., 2002. Controlling the Size of Alginate Gel Beads by Use of a High
Electrostatic Potential. J. Microencapsul, Volume 19, pp. 415?24
Lando, J.L., Oakley, H.T., 1967. Tabulated Correction Factors for the Drop-weight-volume
Determination of Surface and Interracial Tensions. Journal of Colloid and Interface
Science, Volume 25, pp. 526?530
Lencina, M.M.S., Andreucetti, N., Gómez, C., Villar, M., 2013. Recent Studies on Alginates
Based Blends, Composites, and Nanocomposites. in Thomas, S., Visakh, P. M. and Mathew,
A. P. (eds.) Advances in Natural Polymers. Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Li, X., Qi, Y., Li, Y., Zhang, Y., He, X., Wang, Y., 2013a. Novel Magnetic Beads based on
Sodium Alginate Gel Crosslinked by Zirconium(IV) and their Effective Removal for Pb2+
in Aqueous Solutions by using a Batch and Continuous Systems. Bioresource Technology,
Volume 142, pp. 611?619
Preparation and Characterization of Alginate Beads by Drop Weight
Li, Y., Du, Q., Liu, T., Sun, J., Wang, Y., Wu, S., Wang, Z., Xia, Y., Xia, L., 2013b. Methylene
Blue Adsorption on Graphene Oxide/Calcium Alginate Composites. Carbohydrate
Polymers, Volume 95, pp. 501?507
Oliveira, S., Almeida, I., Costa, P., Barrias, C., Ferreira, M.R., Bahia, M.F., Barbosa, M., 2010.
Characterization of Polymeric Solutions as Injectable Vehicles for Hydroxyapatite
Microspheres. AAPS PharmSciTech, Volume 11, pp. 852?858
Pu, B., Chen, D., 2001. A Study of the Measurement of Surface and Interfacial Tension by the
Maximum Liquid Drop Volume Method: II. Viscosity Effect on the Tension Measurement.
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Volume 235, pp. 273?277
Seifert, D.B., Phillips, J.A., 1997. Production of Small, Monodispersed Alginate Beads for Cell
Immobilization. Biotechnology Progress, Volume 13, pp. 562?568
Simpson, N.E., Grant, S.C., Blackband, S.J., Constantinidis, I., 2003. NMR Properties of
Alginate Microbeads. Biomaterials, Volume 24, pp. 4941?4948
Simpson, N.E., Stabler, C.L., Simpson, C.P., Sambanis, A., Constantinidis, I., 2004. The Role
of the CaCl2-guluronic Acid Interaction on Alginate Encapsulated BetaTC3 Cells.
Biomaterials, Volume 25, pp. 2603?2610
Skelland, A.H.P., Slaymaker, E.A., 1990. Effects of Surface-active Agents on Drop Size in
Liquid-liquid Systems. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, Volume 29, pp.
?499
Swain, S.K., Patnaik, T., Dey, R.K., 2013. Efficient Removal of Fluoride using New Composite
Material of Biopolymer Alginate Entrapped Mixed Metal Oxide Nanomaterials.
Desalination and Water Treatment, Volume 51, pp. 4368?4378
Vacek, V., Neková?, P., 1973. A Note on Residual Drop and Single Drop Formation. Applied
Scientific Research, Volume 28, pp. 134?144
Vecino, X., Devesa-Rey, R., Cruz, J.M., Moldes, A.B., 2013. Entrapped Peat in Alginate Beads
as Green Adsorbent for the Elimination of Dye Compounds from Vinasses. Water, Air, and
Soil Pollution, Volume 224, pp. 1?9
Velings, N.M., Mestdagh, M.M., 1995. Physico-chemical Properties of Alginate Gel Beads.
Polymer Gels and Networks, Volume 3, pp. 311?330
Wilkinson, M.C., Kidwell, R.L., 1971. A Mathematical Description of the Harkins and Brown
Correction Curve for the Determination of Surface and Interfacial Tensions. Journal of
Colloid and Interface Science, Volume 35, pp. 114?119
Zhao, Y., Carvajal, M.T., Won, Y.Y., Harris, M.T., 2007.