Designing a 2-Degree of Freedom Model of an Unbalanced Engine and Reducing its Vibrations by Active Control
Published at : 31 Oct 2017
Volume : IJtech
Vol 8, No 5 (2017)
DOI : https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v8i5.868
Mohebbi, M., Hashemi, M., 2017. Designing a 2-Degree of Freedom Model of an Unbalanced Engine and Reducing its Vibrations by Active Control. International Journal of Technology. Volume 8(5), pp. 858-866
| M. Mohebbi | Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Applied Mechanics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai Johor, Malaysia |
| M. Hashemi | Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Applied Mechanics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai Johor, Malaysia |
In this
paper, a 2-degree of freedom dynamic model of an unbalanced rotary engine is
designed, in a manner that has the effect of modal coupling. After designing the dynamic model in
order to reduce the vibrations generated due to the unbalancing mass and modal
coupling, the active force control (AFC) method is implemented along with a conventional proportional integral derivative (PID) controller with linear actuators, meaning that the AFC loop is applied
as a supplement to the conventional PID controller. The obtained results show
that, when the AFC loop was engaged with the PID controller, the vibrations
were reduced to nearly zero in both aspects of frequency and amplitude when
compared to the case in which only a PID controller was operating in the
control system.
Active Force Control (AFC); PID controller; Unbalanced engine; Vibrations
The most important features of rotary
and reciprocating engines are the crank, connecting rod, and piston. The main
cause of vibrations in rotary engines are the inertia forces caused or
generated by the moving components (Crede, 1951; Rao, 2016). Analysis of these
forces produced due to inertia are explained in detail in normal vibration
texts (Rao, 2016).
Vibrations caused by unbalancing usually lead to the damaging
of different components in an engine and other parts of the machine, such as
the vehicle or turbine (Ogbonnaya et al., 2013; Warminski & Balthazar,
2003). Therefore, it is important and essential to reduce as much as possible
the vibrations that are created by an unbalanced rotary engine and rotary mechanisms,
(Kolhar & Patel, 2013; Ogbonnaya et al., 2013; Warminski & Balthazar,
2003).
The isolation method
is a common and usual method that is implemented for the reduction of
unbalanced vibrations of rotary mechanisms and engines, (Soliman & Hallam,
1968) and in which a flexible platform isolator is taken into consideration for
absorbing the vibrations to stop them from damaging other parts and components.
An alternative method used for the reduction of the vibrations caused by rotary
engines is the active vibration control method (Ruzicka, 1969; Vilnay, 1984).
In the active vibration control method, through the implementation of
actuators, external forces are applied to the vibrational system, leading to a
reduction of the overall vibrations.
To reduce the noise and vibrations
produced by rotary engines, the active
force control (AFC) method is considered as a closed loop control system. The main advantage of the AFC technique is its ability to discard disturbances or noises
that are applied on the system through
suitable
selection of the
parameters. Furthermore, the AFC technique leads to less computational
difficulties and problems, and it also is
appropriately established for use in
real-time situations. The AFC method
was first proposed by Hewit and Burdess (1981), and it was noticed that the AFC method was very robust and operative in controlling
a robot arm. Afterward, other researchers implemented the AFC method very
successfully for a robot arm by taking into consideration artificial intelligence techniques (Mailah,
1998; Mailah & Rahim, 2000), in addition to controlling actuators of
pneumatic types (Mailah et al., 2009). The AFC method was successful for
reducing friction induced vibrations
(Hashemi-Dehkordi et al., 2009a; Hashemi-Dehkordi et
al., 2009b; Hashemi-Dehkordi et al., 2010; Hashemi-Dehkordi et al., 2012;
Hashemi-Dehkordi et al., 2014). The AFC method was implemented for dynamic models of friction-induced vibrations that were generated by
negative damping and modal coupling.
In this paper, the AFC method is applied to a new 2-degree of freedom
model of an unbalanced rotary engine, which has the effect of modal coupling in
which the AFC loop along with the PID
controller was able to reduce the vibrations to a very low amount, in
both frequency and amplitude.
At first the design of the 2 degree of freedom model of an unbalanced
engine is discussed, and afterwards, the control strategy and methodology is
explained.
2. the 2-degree of freedom dynamic model
In this section, the
2-degree of freedom (DOF) model is designed, and its performance is studied.
Until now, almost all dynamic models of an unbalanced rotary engine were represented
in 1-DOF, as shown in Figure 1 (Crede, 1951; Rao, 2016). The 1-DOF model
provides the benefit of easy modeling, controlling, and analyzing.
Figure 1 The conventional 1-DOF dynamic model of an
unbalanced rotary engine
Yet, in reality or a more complicated
manner, it can be seen that in an unbalanced rotary engine or mechanism, vibrations
are observed in a plane, meaning that
more than one direction of vibration can be seen. This effect could be due to
the structure of the supports or fixtures that hold the unbalanced rotary
engine; for example, in a vehicle, when the
engine is running, vibrations can be felt in all directions of the vehicle chassis
and body. Thus, in order to have a more accurate dynamic
model of an unbalanced rotary engine, a 2-DOF dynamic model is designed in a manner
that also has the effect of modal coupling. Figure 2 shows the 2-DOF model of
an unbalanced rotary engine with modal coupling.
Figure 2 The
2-DOF dynamic model of an unbalanced rotary engine with modal coupling
Figure 2 shows that there are 2 degrees of freedom in
plane (x,y) and that there is an unbalanced mass m that rotates at a distant r
from the center of the main mass of the engine M with an angular velocity of w.
The diagonal spring k' is added in order to couple the modes of vibrations and
equations. The equation for the motion of the dynamic model is written in Equation
1:
(1)
where M is
the mass of the rotary engine, m is
the mass of the unbalanced rotation, r
is the radius of the unbalanced mass form the axis of rotation, w is the angular velocity, and t is time.
By using Matlab
Simulink, the equation of motion was simulated, and the behavior of the 2-DOF
model was studied. It should be mentioned that nearly zero damping was
considered for this simulation. The values of the variables that were considered
and assigned for this simulation are as follows:
M = 20 kg
m = 0.6 kg
r = 0.15 m
w = 5000 rpm
? = 60o
k = 1.8 × 107 N/m
k1 = 1×k
k2 = 0.75×k
k’ = 0.35× k
c1 and c2 = 0.0005 N.s/m
The block diagram of the 2-DOF model (also called the passive system) by
Matlab Simulink is represented in Figure 3. After executing the simulation by
Matlab Simulink in a 120-seconds time span, the results were obtained in both
time and frequency domains. Figure 4 represents the obtained results.
As seen from the results in
Figure 4, for direction x, the amount
of amplitude is around 4.8 mm, and for direction y, the amplitude is around 3.1 mm. There are also 3 frequency pikes
for each direction with almost the same hertz.
Figure
3 The block diagram of the 2-DOF dynamic model (passive system)
(a) ‘x’ Frequency (b) x(m)
(c) ‘y’ Frequency (d) y(m)
Figure 4 The obtained results of the 2-DOF model in time domain and frequency domain (passive system)
3. CONTROL
STRATEGY AND ITS SIMULATION
To reduce the noise and
vibrations of the 2-DOF dynamic model of an unbalanced engine, the AFC method
is taken into consideration. Figure 5 shows the schematic diagram of the AFC
loop.
Figure
5 The block diagram of active force control
The main AFC equation is obtained by calculating the disturbance Fd as in Equation 2:
(2)
where F
is the force that is applied by the actuator, a represents acceleration, and mEM
is the estimated mass. The value Fd
is later multiplied through the inverse transfer function of the actuator and,
at the end, is summed up with the signal of the PID control. More detail of the
analysis of the AFC methodology is explained by Burdess and Hewit (1986).
To simulate the control strategy, Matlab Simulink was implemented, and
in order to tune the PID controller, the Ziegler-–Nichols method was taken into
consideration afterwards for better performance the values which were obtained
for the PID controller were manipulated by crude approximation. The values of
the estimated masses were obtained by the trial-and-error method. The Simulink
block diagram of the control strategy is shown in Figure 6 (the active system).
The obtained values for the estimated masses for each direction of the degree
of freedom are written below and they were obtained from Mohebbi and Hashemi
(2016), and trial and error:
|
For the horizontal direction x: Estimated mass (mEM):
6.3 Actuator coefficient: 6.0 Proportional value for the PID controller: 2.50 Integrational value for the PID controller: 4.10 Derivative value for the PID controller: 6.40 |
For the horizontal direction y:
Estimated mass (mEM): 5.8 Actuator Coefficientcoefficient: 5.7 Proportional value for the PID controller: 2.20 Integrational value for the PID controller: 3.65 Derivative value for the PID controller: 6.25 |
Figure 6 The Simulink block
diagram of the control strategy (active system)
At first, the control
system was considered to be operating with only having PID controllers, meaning
that the AFC loop was not engaged. Afterwards the simulation was executed again
but with the difference that the control system was operating with both PID
controllers and the AFC loops engaged.
(a) PID + AFC (b) PID
(c) PID +
AFC (frequency domain) (d) PID (frequency domain)
Figure 7
Results of the control system for the horizontal (x) direction
Figure
7 and Table 1 show the obtained results of the simulation for the horizontal x direction x, in both the time and frequency domains. It can be seen that,
when the control system is operating with only PID controllers, the amplitude
of the vibrations reduces (to 2.8 mm) in comparison to the case in which the
dynamic model was operating without any controllers (passive system), and the
frequency domain results show that the pikes have reduced from 3 to 1. On the
contrary, when the control system is operating with the AFC loop involved, from
the obtained results, it can be seen that the amount of amplitude reduces to
less the 0.1 mm and the amplitude of the frequency reduces to nearly zero.
Figure 8
and Table 1 show the results obtained from the simulation in the vertical direction
y, and again it can be seen that, for
both the time and frequency domains, when the control system is operating with
only PID controllers, the vibrations reduce to less than 1.5 mm, but when the
AFC loop is engaged with the PID controllers, the amplitude reduces to less than
0.2 mm. The same situation is observed for the frequency domain results.
(a) PID + AFC (b) PID
(c) PID +
AFC (frequency domain) (d) PID (frequency domain)
Figure 8
Results of the control system for the vertical (y) direction
Table 1 Obtained results
|
Direction |
x (Normal load) |
y (Normal load) |
x (Overload) |
y (Overload) |
|
PID |
2.8 mm |
1.5 mm |
4.5 mm |
3.0 mm |
|
PID + AFC |
x < 0.1 mm |
y < 0.2 mm |
x <0.3 mm |
y <0.4 mm |
In order
to examine the robustness of the control system when the external forces were
increased, another simulation was executed, in which both the unbalanced mass
and the rotational velocity were increased from 0.6 kg to 1 kg and from 5000
rpm to 6000 rpm. The time domain results of this simulation are shown in Figure
9 and Table 1 for both directions x
and y, and it can be seen that, when
the control system is operating with both PID and AFC, the vibrations are still
less than 0.5 mm in amplitude.
(a) PID
+ AFC (y) (b) PID + AFC (x)
Figure 9
The results of the control system when both unbalanced mass and rotational
velocity are increased to 1 kg and 600 rpm, respectively
A novel 2-DOF dynamic model of an unbalanced rotary engine was designed,
in which it also has the effect of modal coupling. The behavior of this model
was simulated, observed, and studied. In order to reduce the vibrations and
noise in the designed dynamic model, the AFC method was implemented. After
designing and tuning the PID and AFC parameters, the simulation results were
obtained. From the obtained results, it was noticed that, when the control
system is operating with only PID controllers, the vibrations were reduced but
not with a high level of amplitude. On the contrary, while the control system
was operating with both PID and AFC, the amplitude of the vibrations was reduced
to a very noticeable amount. This situation was also was observed in frequency
domain results as well. Also, in order to examine the robustness of the control
system, both unbalanced mass and rotational velocity were increased, and the
obtained results proved that, when the control system is equipped with the AFC
loop, the vibrations still are reduced to less than 0.5 mm.
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