Effects of Sequence Preparation of Titanium Dioxide–Water Nanofluid using Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide Surfactant and TiO2 Nanoparticles for Enhancement of Thermal Conductivity
Corresponding email: enykusrini@icloud.com
Published at : 29 Nov 2019
Volume : IJtech
Vol 10, No 7 (2019)
DOI : https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v10i7.3758
Kusrini, E., Putra, N., Siswahyu, A., Tristatini, D., Prihandini, W.W., Alhamid, M.I., Yulizar, Y., Usman, A., 2019. Effects of Sequence Preparation of Titanium Dioxide–Water Nanofluid using Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide Surfactant and Tio2 Nanoparticles for Enhancement of Thermal Conductivity . International Journal of Technology. Volume 10(7), pp. 1453-1464
| Eny Kusrini | Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus Baru UI, Depok 16424, Indonesia |
| Nandy Putra | Applied Heat Transfer Research Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus Baru UI, Depok 16424, Indonesia |
| Agung Siswahyu | Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus Baru UI, Depok 16424, Indonesia |
| Dewi Tristatini | Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus Baru UI, Depok 16424, Indonesia |
| Wuwuh Wijang Prihandini | Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus Baru UI, Depok 16424, Indonesia |
| Muhammad Idrus Alhamid | Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus Baru UI, Depok 16424, Indonesia |
| Yoki Yulizar | Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus Baru UI, Depok 16424, Indonesia |
| Anwar Usman | Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei Darussalam |
To maintain the stability of nanofluid from precipitation and agglomeration, some methods such as ultrasonic vibration, adding surfactant, and controlling the pH value of the system have been studied. Herein, the preparation of titanium dioxide (TiO2)–water nanofluid, by using TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) and the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), was investigated to determine the effects of the sequence method on the preparation of TiO2–water nanofluid, its thermal conductivity, its stability, and its temperature distribution. NPs can improve the efficiency of heat transfer fluids and improving the stability of colloidal systems. Some parameters were varied, including sonication times of 5, 10, and 30 minutes, variations of TiO2 loading in 1–8% volumetric loading, concentrations of CTAB (0.005–0.035 wt%), and pH at 8–12. The procedure sequences of 2 and 5 showed the distribution particle size of TiO2 nanoparticles in nanofluid had a narrow range (190.3–208.7 nm) compared to other sequence methods (611 nm–5.35 mm). The procedure sequence of 2 is following demineralized water (100 mL), 8% volumetric loading of TiO2 NPs, ultrasonication time of 10 min and CTAB of 3.2×10-3 M, while the procedure sequence of 5 is in the respective order of demineralized water (100 mL), 8% volumetric loading of TiO2 NPs, ultrasonication time of 10 min and pH at 8. The CTAB surfactant (0.029 wt%) had a greater influence on particle distribution in the nanofluid than the pH. The thermal conductivities of the nanofluid were characterized with TiO2 nanofluid as the working fluid. The experimental results showed a maximum of 21% thermal conductivity enhancement for 8% volumetric loading of TiO2 NPs at pH 8 and fourfold increase in critical micelle concentration (0.029 wt%) from CTAB. These findings offer the potential for preparing a stable TiO2–water nanofluid with a short ultrasonic time of 10 minutes. This process is a desirable and very useful to obtain a stable TiO2–water nanofluid with a short ultrasonic time for efficient process and low-cost nanofluid with high thermal conductivity and stability.
Cationic surfactant; Concentration of CTAB; Thermal conductivity; TiO2-water nanofluid; Ultrasonic time
The
development of high-performance heat transfer fluids using
nanoparticles (NPs) has been interesting to investigate in detail (Ahlatli et
al., 2016). It is well known that nanofluid, a colloidal mixture produced from
a base fluid and a nanoparticle, has valuable heat transfer applications and is
among a new generation of heat transfer fluids that enhance thermal
conductivity. Studies of various parameters (such as particle size,
concentration, temperature, material type and base fluid type) to enhance heat
transference have been performed (Putra et al., 2012; Yiamsawasd et al., 2012;
Saleh et al., 2013; Ismay et al., 2013). NPs can improve the efficiency of heat
transfer fluids (Zhou et al., 2012; Saleh et
al., 2013), as their high surface energy makes them easy to coagulate and
difficult to disperse in base fluids, improving the stability of colloidal
systems (Zhou et al., 2012). The stability of colloidal suspensions of micro
and nanosized particles is dependent on the surface force between particles
(namely, the zeta potential) that is influenced by pH value (Ismay et al.,
2013). Das et al. (2018) experimentally investigated the stability measurement of anatase- sodium dodecyl
sulfate (SDS) and anatase-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) nanofluids,
which had observable zeta potentials of -17.8 mV and -21.1 mV, respectively.
Therefore, anatase-CTAB nano?uid was found to have marginally better stability
than the anatase-SDS nano?uid.
The agglomeration of TiO2 NPs
settles and clogs microchannels as well as decreasing the thermal conductivity
of nanofluid (Yu & Xie, 2012; Ismay et al., 2013). Many investigations have
been conducted to produce a more stable colloidal and suspension of nanofluid.
To maintain the stability of nanofluid from precipitation and agglomeration,
some methods (such as ultrasonic vibration, adding surfactant, and controlling
the pH value of the system) have been reported (Duangthongsuk & Wongwises, 2009). A well-known and effective method to
homogenize dispersed NPs in base fluids is adding surfactant (Jiang et
al., 2003; Xie et al., 2003; Murshed et al. 2005; Zhou et al., 2012).
The
effects of surfactants (such as CTAB, acetic acid (AA), oleic acid (OA), and
SDS) on TiO2–water nanofluid have been studied and findings have
shown that CTAB and AA provided stable suspensions (Das et al., 2016; Adiwibowo
et al., 2018). The TiO2 solid fraction has been varied between
0.1–2.0% while temperatures have ranged from 20 to 60°C (Das et al., 2016).
Murshed et al. (2005) reported enhanced thermal conductivity
(up to 33%) for deionized water by adding TiO2 NPs (5% volume
fraction). That being said, TiO2 NPs have also been reported as
causing dye degradation (Rahman et al., 2018; Zulmajdi et al., 2019).
In a previous study, the cationic surfactant CTAB was investigated for
its ability to break down particle agglomeration in a suspension and was found
more effective than oleic acid (Murshed et al., 2005). However, the TiO2 nanofluid by
ultrasonic process for 8 to 10 hours (Murshed et al., 2005). On the other hand, Duangthongsuk and Wongwises (2009) investigated the preparation of TiO2 nanofluid by using
ultrasonic within 2 hours. As noted here that the time for
preparation of TiO2 nanofluid is too long in the range 2 to 10
hours.
Therefore, to reduce the ultrasonic
times in preparation of TiO2–water nanofluid during the ultrasound
process, the proper mixing, stabilization and also dispersion of TiO2
NPs in water are very important to investigate for producing the stable of TiO2–water
nanofluid. In this study, improving and increasing the thermal conductivity of TiO2–water
nanofluid and the optimum thermal conductivity from TiO2–water
nanofluid with short time sonication were studied. The effect
of CTAB in TiO2–water nanofluid formulation
and the effect of sequence preparation methods in
growth of particle
size in TiO2–water nanofluid were also
studied in detail. The experimental results and theoretical predictions from
the Maxwell (1873) and Bhattacharya et al. (2004) models
were also compared.
This study was
carried out to find a new
method for preparing TiO2–water nanofluid
with high thermal conductivity. The
optimal conditions for preparing TiO2–water nanofluid were found to
be an addition of 8% volume fraction of TiO2 NPs, an adjusted pH of
8, and a cationic surfactant of 0.0073–0.029 wt%. The best
sequencing methods were obtained for sequence procedure 2 using demineralized water
as a base fluid and an 8% volume fraction of TiO2 NPs, followed by a 10-minute sonication process and the
addition of CTAB (0.029 wt%). These results have a great potential for
improving the thermal conductivity of TiO2–water nanofluid, which
can be applied as a heat transfer in heat pipes. In conclusion, the addition of CTAB surfactant into the nanofluid can be used to minimize
NP aggregation and improve the dispersion behavior of nanofluid.
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