Quality Analysis of Chili Treated with Aqueous Ozone Treatment and Improved Transportation and Handling Technology
Corresponding email: sari.kaylaku@gmail.com
Published at : 29 Jan 2020
Volume : IJtech
Vol 11, No 1 (2020)
DOI : https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v11i1.3213
Munarso, S.J., Kailaku, S.I., Arif, A.B., Budiyanto, A., Mulyawanti, I., Sasmitaloka, K.S., Setyawan, N., Dewandari, K.T., Widayanti, S.M., 2020. Quality Analysis of Chili Treated with Aqueous Ozone Treatment and Improved Transportation and Handling Technology. International Journal of Technology. Volume 11(1), pp. 37-47
| S Joni Munarso | Indonesian Center for Agricultural Postharvest Research and Development, Jl. Tentara Pelajar no. 12, Bogor 16114, Indonesia |
| Sari Intan Kailaku | Indonesian Center for Agricultural Postharvest Research and Development, Jl. Tentara Pelajar no. 12, Bogor 16114, Indonesia |
| Abdullah bin Arif | Indonesian Center for Agricultural Postharvest Research and Development, Jl. Tentara Pelajar no. 12, Bogor 16114, Indonesia |
| Agus Budiyanto | Indonesian Center for Agricultural Postharvest Research and Development, Jl. Tentara Pelajar no. 12, Bogor 16114, Indonesia |
| Ira Mulyawanti | Indonesian Center for Agricultural Postharvest Research and Development, Jl. Tentara Pelajar no. 12, Bogor 16114, Indonesia |
| Kirana Sanggrami Sasmitaloka | Indonesian Center for Agricultural Postharvest Research and Development, Jl. Tentara Pelajar no. 12, Bogor 16114, Indonesia |
| Nurdi Setyawan | Indonesian Center for Agricultural Postharvest Research and Development, Jl. Tentara Pelajar no. 12, Bogor 16114, Indonesia |
| Kun Tanti Dewandari | Indonesian Center for Agricultural Postharvest Research and Development, Jl. Tentara Pelajar no. 12, Bogor 16114, Indonesia |
| Siti Mariana Widayanti | Indonesian Center for Agricultural Postharvest Research and Development, Jl. Tentara Pelajar no. 12, Bogor 16114, Indonesia |
The objective of this
research is to study the reduction of chili postharvest losses (PHL) after
implementation of aqueous ozone treatment, perforated packaging and
refrigerated transportation in inter-city distribution. The completely
randomized design method was used in the research, with five levels of
combination treatments of chili: (i) aqueous ozone treatment; refrigerated
transportation; (ii) no ozone treatment; refrigerated transportation; (iii)
aqueous ozone treatment; non-refrigerated transportation; (iv) no ozone
treatment; non-refrigerated transportation; and (v) existing handling practice
as a control treatment. The study was conducted on a large scale in order to
imitate the practice of local traders when distributing chili to other cities,
with three repetitions. Each repetition used 850 kg of chili, which was
transported from Magelang District, Central Java to Bogor, West Java (541.5
km), a journey of approximately 15-17 hours. Temperature and relative humidity
in the vehicles were monitored and recorded. Quality analysis included
decayed/damaged chili and chili with inappropriate harvest age, grouped into
four types, namely physical/mechanical, physiological, microbiological, and
green chili; color and texture. The quantity parameter was determined by
measuring weight loss. It was concluded that the implementation of aqueous
ozone treatment and improved transportation handling technology using
refrigerated vehicles could reduce the postharvest losses of chili by 60.61%.
Quantity loss was reduced from 2.16% to 1.82% and quality loss from 6.70% to
1.68%. Moreover, the color and texture (hardness) of the chili was maintained,
showing a preserved freshness, which is an important parameter in chili
marketing.
Aqueous ozone treatment; Chili; Postharvest losses; Quality analysis; Refrigerated transportation
Postharvest
losses (PHL) are a worldwide concern these days, in the light not only of
unstable food prices, but also more importantly because of decreasing food
availability. PHL reduction technology is considered to be a solution to help
maintain the availability and quality of fresh produce (Kitinoja,
2013).
Chili is one
of the primary commodities monitored by the Government of Indonesia, due to its
integral part in the Indonesian diet and cuisine. Over the years, chili price
Unlike
with other commodities, this price volatility cannot always be explained as a
result of changes in consumer demand. Although it is used as a cooking
condiment, and market demand is rather inelastic (other than in the Holy Month
of Ramadhan, when a surge in demand takes place), the price swings of chili
have been persistent during the last decade (Webb and Kosasih, 2011; Webb et al., 2012). It is reasonable to
say that the price fluctuations are caused by the production and distribution
system (Webb and Kosasih, 2011).
The
level of chili productivity in Indonesia over the past 5 years has been around
6 tons/ha. The national production volume was 1,045,000 tons in 2016, which
exceeded the total consumption of approximately 760,000 tons. However, two case
studies in Payakumbuh, West Sumatra (Iswari and Srimaryati 2014) and in
Magelang, Central Java (ICAPRD
& PT. Agro Indo Mandiri, 2018), revealed that the loss of chili
during the supply chain reached 38% and 17%,
respectively. These data suggest a relatively high discrepancy between the
amount of chili available in the market and the consumption rate of the
community. This may explain the price fluctuations and the occurrence of
negative trade balances of chili in the past, when import volume was comparably
higher than export volume. This situation is likely to recur in the future if a
PHL reduction effort is not made.
As
with other horticultural products, chili tends to be perishable due to its high
water content and continued active metabolism after harvest, raising challenges
for those along the supply chain (farmers, traders and retailers) to maintain
its postharvest quality and prevent losses (Mahajan
et al., 2017). The value of commodities is also influenced by
plant-disturbing organisms (Wijanarko et al., 2017).
Various technologies had been developed by researchers to reduce PHL, including
ozonation (Iswari and Srimaryati, 2014; Nurdjannah et al., 2014; Setyabudi et al.,
2016; Asgar et al., 2017). Moreover,
improved transportation conditions are necessary, especially in Indonesia,
where chili must be distributed daily from production centers to different
areas. However, only a few practitioners in the field had implemented these
technologies, and combining postharvest technology and improved transportation
for chili is unheard of. The lack of experiments using large scale and actual
conditions from farm to market is one of the challenges to implementation by
practitioners in their commercial activity. The objective of this research is
to study the reduction of chili postharvest losses after implementation of
aqueous ozone treatment, perforated packaging and refrigerated transportation
in inter-city distribution. The postharvest handling activities in the study
were conducted with the actual daily schedules, scales and conditions of the
farmers.
A large-scale experiment was conducted on chili using
aqueous ozone treatment and improved transportation conditions with
refrigerated vehicles (length of transportation was 541.5 km, taking 15-17 hours).
The combination of aqueous ozone treatment and improved transportation handling
technology was able to reduce the quality losses (a 74.92% loss reduction) and
quantity losses (a 15.74% loss reduction) of chili. Ozone treatment accounted
for the decrease in chili microbiological losses, while improved packaging
prevented high mechanical losses, as well as damage due to physiological
reasons. Moreover, refrigerated transportation also helped with physiological
losses, by allowing better respiration for the chili. Single handling
technology improvement is also applicable to the reduction of postharvest
losses to meet the different needs according to the length of transportation
distance and duration. Ozone treatment without refrigerated transportation
reduced quality losses by 50.89% and quantity losses by 17.13%, while
refrigerated transportation without ozone treatment reduced quality losses by
58.95% and quantity losses by 34.26%. Aqueous ozone treatment did not alter the
color or texture of the chili.
The authors would like
to thank the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and Japan-ASEAN
Integration Fund (JAIF) for providing research funding for this work, as well
as PT. Agro Indo Mandiri for their cooperation in conducting the work.
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